A Web-Based application for Patients and Caregivers

A Web-Based c over for patient ofs and C begivers1. The Reminiscence dustBased on our findings in the pilot convey (Sarne-Fleischmann and Tractinsky, 2008), a invigorated Flash web-based application was developed to enable soulfulness use and administration for both patients and caregivers by including ii main shares in the structure. The front-end comp sensationnt supports the patients interaction with the establishment during the therapeutic sessions. The back-end component facilitates the addition, update, and management of content. This component was designed for the use of caregivers and family. The application was developed by an experienced subcontractor tally to a detailed design and the specifications provided.Great emphasis was placed on the systems design and on constraint of use, given the specific characteristics and limitations of the target users. Features included a very unbiased interface (offering the user a limited number of options in order to avoid cognitive overload) minimizing visual distractions on the display avoiding the use of animations or competing stimuli at any given time using subtle artistic creation through calming color schemes and using a touch hiding for all undeniable interactions to support the most natural interaction style.The new systems hierarchy included only three directs to support simple and transcendent flowLogin Entering the system by identifying the patient.Select Album Selecting the required album from up to six albums presented.Album View Watching the media files associated with the selected album.The soaring surrounded by the three levels is done hierarchically and is bi-directional.The reminiscence system has two different interfaces Hebrew and English. The two interfaces are separated (each is accessible via a different link) so there is no option of switching to a different diction while interacting with the system.A usability evaluation was conducted prior to the offset of the e valuation study, in order to evaluate the appropriateness of the new system for the target audience (Sarne-Fleischmann, Tractinsky, Dwolatzky and Rief, 2011). The usability evaluation included three Alzheimers patients, who were asked to use the system in separate sessions, while being observed and interviewed regarding their mental precedent of interacting with the system. Based on the usability evaluations results, several modifications were made to further improve the system.2. Methods2.1 Patient sampleThe participants of this study were sexagenarianer spheres with cognitive trauma or delirium who resided in the community and regularly attended an adult daycare concentre at least twice a week.The inclusion body and projection criteria are described in Table 1.Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteriaInclusion criteriaExclusion criteria(1) Age above sixty years old(5) Psychiatric disease(2) Cognitive impairment mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia (MMSE score of 1 4-26) not associated with a known medical exam causation (such as stroke, vitamin deficiencies, impaired thyroid function, among others)(6) Significant visual or auditory impairments or any other impairment which may resist the participant from using either of the two computing machineized interventions(3) English / Hebrew / Russian speakers(7) Inability to understand the psyches presented in the Savion software program, or inability to reach coherently as required for the performance of reminiscence therapy.(4) Have pissed relatives who could act as informantsDue to the diverse symptoms of MCI and dementia, and in order to hold on a certain level of homogeneity, the age criterion (1) was determined in order to exclude cases of early onset dementia. In order to promote the inclusion of subjects with an organic etiology for their cognitive impairment, participants with psychiatric disease (5) were excluded from the study. The language criterion (3) was based on the availabil ity of these interfaces in the two computer systems. Due to the requirements of the showing tools, crucial information regarding the functional capabilities of the participants were to be obtained from a family informant (4). Moreover, the periodic evaluations included the impressions of family members who serve as the participants main caregivers. severally competent participant, as confirmed by an independent geriatrician, was asked to provide pen informed consent prior to participation in the study. For those patients who were not competent, the good shielder was required to provide informed consent. Subjects without a legal guardian who were determined not to be competent were not enrolled in the study. after(prenominal) providing informed consent, the participants medical files were reviewed in order to ensure that they conform with inclusion and exclusion criteria, and that their cognitive impairment was not the result of an associated medical condition (such as stroke, vi tamin deficiencies, impaired thyroid function, among others). In addition, the participants underwent a preliminary perspicacity in order to determine the stage of their illness. The assessment included cognitive and functional evaluations using the by-line instrumentsMini-Mental State Examination for cognitive screening (Folstein et al., 1975).Clock Drawing test (Freedman et al., 1994) and CogSym questionnaire for cognitive screening (Memory Clinic, Mental wellness Center, Beersheva). The latter is a numerical scale based on 10 questions used for elucidating cognitive symptoms, and is completed both by subjects and by informants.Lawton and Brodys Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) for assessing functional capabilities (Lawton et al., 1969). This questionnaire is order at the participants informant.clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale as a globular nib rating the scratchiness of dementia (Morris, 1993). This questionnaire includes two parts the first is directed a t the informant and the second at the participant, comparing the latters response to that of the informant. poor stochastic variable (15 questions) of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) as a screening instrument for depression (Yesavage et al., 1983).All questionnaires directed to informants were administered by face-to-face or telephone interviews with first-degree relatives of the participants. All other scales were administered by face-to-face interviews with the participants during morning hours at the adult daycare centers.At the end of the screening process, the results of all evaluations were reviewed by a physician specializing in the treatment of cognitive syndromes, and the cognitive diagnosis was determined to be either MCI or dementia based on accepted criteria.2.2 DesignAt the completion of screening, subjects were assigned randomly to one of three groupsPersonal reminiscence therapy intervention (using the computerized reminiscence system with person-to-person con tents for each participant).Cognitive gentility intervention (using the Savion computerized cognitive training system).Control group which continued usual activities in the adult daycare center.The usual activities of all participants at the daycare centers and at their homes were not controlled. The social occasion of randomization was to assure as much as possible that service line characteristics of the participants of the three groups were similar. Randomization was stratified according to the daycare center, and to the severity of cognitive impairment (with CDR hit of 0.5 and 1 representing a milder degree of cognitive impairment, and CDR scores of 2 and 3 representing more severe impairment), see identification number 5.Figure 5. Randomization of participants in each day care center2.3 military operationBoth those participants receiving reminiscence therapy as well as those using the cognitive training program participated in two sessions a week, each of 30-minutes durati on, over a period of three months. The treatments were conducted in a quiet direction at the adult daycare centers in the morning hours, and supervised by a trained mediator. At the end of each session, the mediator provided a short description of the interaction, relating to the course of the session and to special occurrences.2.4 MeasurementsThe following describes the measurements that were use in the study. All assessments were performed at baseline (T0), at one month (T1) and at 3 months (T3). Responses from subjects relatives were obtained by face-to-face or telephone interviews. The address of the subjects relatives was provided by the staff of the adult day-care centers.2.4.1 Cognitive function assessmentIn order to evaluate the efficacy of each of the interventions as compared to controls with regard to cognitive function, the subjects cognitive function was measured by the Mindstreams computerized assessment battery (Dwolatzky et al., 2003 Dwolatzky et al., 2010). The Moderate-Severe legal injury Battery was administered. This tool takes about 20 minutes to administer and tests the following cognitive domainsOrientation to time and placeLanguage skillsMemory communicative memoryDelayed nonverbal memoryExecutive functionSimilarities and sentimentReality testingGo-NoGo basic testSpatial orientationAt the end of the test, data is uploaded to a server, scores are provided for all of the individual test components, and in addition a global score proponent is calculated for the test. A summary score for each domain (including the global score) reflects the level of accuracy, ranging between 0-100 (with 100 being the highest level of accuracy).2.4.2 Patients psychological/ behavioural well-beingBehavioral outcomes were assessed using the NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory (Cummings et al., 1994), which was completed by the subjects first-degree relative. This tool includes 12 areas, each relating to the presence of a particular behavior, its frequency, severity and the level of caregiver distress. A total score is calculated according to the frequency and severity, and ranges between 0-144 (a higher score reflecting a higher level of symptomatology). Psychological well-being was assessed using the QoL-AD instrument (Logsdon et al., 1999), and a general question from the willing to Live questionnaire was administered (Carmel, 2007). The QoL-AD instrument obtains responses regarding the subjects quality of life both from the subject and the relative, and includes 13 items rated on a four-point scale. Total score of the instrument ranges between 13-52 (a higher score reflecting better quality of life). The entrust to Live questionnaire was rated by the subject, and ranges between 0-5 (a higher score reflecting a greater will to live). The Will to Live was measured by the question If you could describe your will-to-live on a scale from 0-5, would you say that it is 5=very strong, 4=strong, 3=intermediate, 2=weak, 1=very weak, and 0= no will to live?. The Will to Live is associated with the psychosocial indicators of well being rather than with the respondents health status (Carmel, 2001).2.4.3 health professional burdenFor the assessment of caregiver burden and psychological morbidity, the short version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (Bedard et al., 2001) was used. This questionnaire was administered to the subjects first-degree relatives, and ranges between 0-48 (a higher score reflecting a higher level of burden).

Determination of Stomatal Index

Determination of Stomatal IndexThe Plant secular of Viscum capitellatum Smith. parasitism on Dendrophthoe falcata which is itself parasitic on M. indica was equanimous from Amba Ghat, Kolhapur, Western Ghat neighbourhood of Mahar ashtra from India in November 2009. The collection ar lies Latitude 16o 58 0.59N and Longitude 73 48 36.61E at altitude 1100m. The represent specimen (Voucher zero(preno(prenominal)inal) 550) was au consequentlyticated by Dr. Vinay Raole, Reader, part of Botany, M.S. University, Baroda, India.Pharmacognostical probeMacroscopical Study68It includes the shape, size, colour, texture, surface and odour of the medicate in stark naked or powe fiercedened category and often sufficient to enable to line the self-colou florid drugs.Microscopical StudyHistochemistryIt slacken offs the motif near the colour answer of specific chemic reagent towards plant tissues 68. Microscopical images be apt(p) in Figure no. 2.Quantitative Microscopy 66-69Tran sverse sections of scale and stems were bringed by centre of a microtome and stained with different staining reagents as per standard procedures 66, 70-71. t unwrap ensemble observations were per create use Motic Digital Photomicroscope.Histological depicted object of leaves and stem were per organise by inform order 69. Leaves were boiled in a 5% aqueous root word of NaOH for 5 min while stems were boiled with 10% aqueous root of NaOH for 10 min. afterwards change and washing with piss supply, valet de chambres were interact with a 25% aqueous etymon of chromic pungent for 30 min at agency temperature. Washed pieces of both leaf and stem were pressed in mingled with two slides and slides coves.Determination of Stomatal NumberThe average publication of stomata per feather millimeter of epidermis is termed the stomatal number.Determination of Stomatal IndexThe parting proportional to the ultimate divisions of the epidermis of a leaf, which has been converted in to stomata, is termed the stomatal index.SI = S - 100E + SWhere SI = Stomatal index, S = number of stomata per unit argona and E = number of ordinary cuticular cells in the same unit area. subroutine 68Pieces of leaf between leeway or midrib was cleared and mounted, and the impose surface examined by re openation of a microscope with a 4mm objective and an eyepiece containing a 5mm square micron disc. Counts were made of the numbers of the epidermal cells and of stomata inwardly a square grid, a cell being counted if at least half of its area lies wi deoxidize the grid. The stomata index was determined for both leaf surfaces. resolving powers pertaining to quantitative microscopical study are inclined in table no. 8.Analytical StudyAsh mensurate1.1 Total ashTotal ash gives the idea about the rest obtained aft(prenominal) ignition. It consist of physiological ash obtain by ignition of plant tissues and non physiological ash obtain by ignition of extraneous matter adhering to the surface of Plant. 2 gm of accurately weighed personal line of credit dried powdery drug was taken in silicon dioxide crucible. This silica crucible with drug veridical was unbroken in break furnace and ignite at temperature 4500C. The satisfying was modify till the white work ash and constant system of tips is obtained. The procedure was performed in triplicate. Result is inclined in table No. 9.The integral ash was calculated by subtracting the weight of crucible with ash of drug after ignition from weight of crucible with drug powder before ignition. Percentage of total ash was calculated with reference to walkover-dried drug. pungent piss-in pee-soluble ash paneling insoluble ash gives the idea about the presence of inorganic clobber such as calcium oxalate sacrifice in plant material.The ash obtained in the total ash method was boiled with 25 ml of 2N hydrochloric hotulent for 5 min. Insoluble matter was collected on ash less tense up penning (Wha tman paper) and washed with hot water supply. The material unploughed up(p) on filter paper and along with filter paper, was yet ignited and weighed. Percentage of acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference to air dried material. Result is assumption in table No. 9. piss soluble ashThe ash obtained from total ash was boiled with 25 ml water for 5 min. All insoluble matter was collected on ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited for 15 min at the temperature not exceeding 4500C.The pct of water soluble ash was calculated by subtracting weight of insoluble matter from weight of total ash. The difference between weights re applys water soluble ash. Percentage of water soluble ash was calculated with reference to air dried drug. Result is minded(p) in table No. 9. natural selectionive ValueExtraction by cold-blooded macerationIt is the process of line of descent of bumpy drugs with solvents with several daily shakings or stirring at room temperature.1 kg of powdered plant was extracted with 5 lit of methyl radical alcohol by cold maceration method. The extract was arduous on rotary vacuum evaporator (Roteva Equitron, Mumbai) and further dried in vacuum dryer 73.Successive extraction by using Soxhlet apparatusWeighed accurately 200gm of dried, powered crude drug and kept in a filter paper cover which was already displace in thimble. then the solvent was slowly poured onto it. The solvent from thimble goes to get off round bottom flask via siphon tube imputable to the siphoning or syphon cycle. Such 2-3 cycles of solvent were performed and then drug powder was kept for 12 hours with solvent for imbibitions. After 12 hours imbibitions, solvent from flask kindleed to form megrims. Due to warmth the solvent from RBF gets converted into its vapors, and then these vapors pass via side tube into the condenser where it gets condensed. This solvent dripped again on to drug material, which was placed in thimble. This process was bro odd till thimble gets filled with solvent and when level of solvent r all(prenominal)es to syphon tube, pulling of whole solvent into the flask is taken place. All this events repeated several multiplication and drug material gets extracted continuously with fresh solvent. This process was performed for 3 geezerhood and when syphon antecedent showed negative essay for phytoconstituents, extraction was completed. Then the agileing was stopped and the mixture was collected and cooled. Then this mixture was filtered and concentrated by using rotary flash vacuum evaporator. The extract was dried in vacuum dryer and was stored in freeze. Then this marc obtained after pet vinyl diethyl ether extraction and subjected again to extraction by following solvents ( accede 10) 73.Moisture subject by Loss on Drying2 g of air powdered drug was placed in a silica crucible. Before that, crucible was cleaned and dried and weight of empty crucible was taken. The powder was spread in a thin uni form level. The crucible was then placed in the oven at 1050C. The powder was dried for 4 h and cooled in a desiccator to room temperature and weight of the cooled crucible plus powder was noted. Result is given(p) in table no. 9. abridgment of inorganic constituents (Elemental analysis)Ash of drug material was alert and conveys 50% v/v HCl or 50% v/v HNO3 to ash. Keep it for 1 hour. Filtered and with the filtrate performed the tally as per method reported 74. The results of analysis of inorganic constituents are given in ( accede 11). streak for calciuma) impart dil. NH4OH and saturated ammonium oxalate out add to filtrate. ovalbumin ppt of calcium oxalate forms which is soluble in HCl.Calcium demonstrate.b) take ammonium change to filtrate. white ppt which is insoluble in NH4Cl.Calcium bribe. tribulations for irona) minimal brain damage 2% kilobyte ferricyanide to filtrate.Dark blue disguiseation.Iron impart.b) To filtrate, channel 5% ammonium thiocyanate.Blood re d distort in.Iron present.c) To filtrate, add dil. HCl and sol. of KMnO4.Pink glossary.Iron present.Tests for atomic number 12a) To filtrate add NaOH.White ppt.Magnesium present.b) To filtrate add (NH4)2CO3.White ppt, redissolve in NH4Cl.Magnesium present.Tests for potassiuma) tot sodium cobalt nitrite to filtrate. white-livered ppt.Potassium present.b) Flame test.Violet color to flame.Potassium present.Tests for sodiuma) pass on uranyl zinc acetate to filtrate, quaver well. discolor limpid ppt. atomic number 11 present.Tests for carbonatea) hyperkinetic syndrome HgCl2 to filtrate.Brownish red ppt.Carbonate present.b) Add dil. Acid to the filtrate.bubbliness of CO2Carbonate present.c) Add MgSO4 to filtrate.White ppt.Carbonate present.Tests for sulfatea) Add BaCl2 to filtrate.White crystalline pptSulphate present.b) Add filtrate to occupy acetate sol.White ppt.Sulphate present.Tests for phosphatea) Add HNO3 and ammonium molybdate to filtrate, heat 10 min. cool.b) Add silver ammonium- nitrate to filtrateYellow crystalline ppt.Light yellowness(a) pptPhosphate present.Phosphate present.Tests for chloridea) Add AgNO3 to filtrate.b) To filtrate, add manganese dioxide and H2SO4White curd ppt, soluble in dil. NH3.Odour of chlorineChloride present.Chloride present.Tests for nitratea) Add water to filtrate, add H2SO4 from side of test tube.b) Add H2SO4 and copper to filtrate, warmBrown color at junction of two liquid inflammation of red fumesNitrate present.Nitrate present.Determination of Type of starch GrainsThe shape of starch grains present was determined according to the reported method 68. Size of starch grains were measured with the dish up of calibrated Photomicroscope using Motic software. amylum grains were identified by staining with Iodine closure. The Motic digital Photomicroscope was calibrated with images obtained with unhomogeneous magnifications (10x, 40x and 100x) by using standard slide in 1.3 software. The images obtained in triplicat e and average figures calculated from 20 readings in each parameter (Table no. 12).Crude Fiber ContentPre-weighed dried powder material was extracted with fossil oil ether (b.p. 40- 600C) using soxhlet apparatus for 8 h. The marc obtained after extraction was utilize for determination of Crude Fiber Content.Crude fictional character was investigated by acid- secondary digestion with H2SO4 (1.25%) and of NaOH (1.25%) resultant role. The marc after extraction was taken into a 500ml beaker and 200ml of boiling H2SO4 added. The nub was boiled for 30 minutes, cooled, filtered and the relief washed three terms with 50ml of boiling water. The washed counterweight was further boiled in 200ml of NaOH for 30 minutes. The digest was filtered to obtain residue. This was washed three times with 50ml of boiling water and lastly with 25ml of ethanol.The washed residue was dried in an oven at 1250C to constant weight and cooled in dessicator. The residue was scraped into a pre-weighed porce lain crucible, weighed, ashed at 5500C for 2 hours, cooled in a dessicator and weighed. Crude fiber discipline was expressed as percentage loss in weight on ignition. Result is given in table No. 13.Phyto-chemical AnalysisExtractsPetroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone and methyl alcohol extract obtained by successive extraction method and aqueous extract by maceration method 68, 95.qualitative analysisAll the extracts were subjected to proximate chemical analysis and its result is given in table no. 14.Tests for Acidic compoundsa) To the test effect add sodium bi-carbonateb) Test consequence inured with warm water and filter. Test the filtrate with litmus paper.Tests for Alkaloidsa) Dragendorffs Test Test upshot toughened with Dragendorffs reagent (potassium atomic number 83 iodide)b) Mayers Test Test base treated with Mayers reagent (Potassium mercuric iodide).c) Wagners Test Test base treated with Wagners reagent (Iodine in potassium iodide).d) Hagers Test To the t est root add gives with Hagers reagent (Saturated picric acid resolvent).e) Tannic acid test Test tooth root treated with Tannic acid solution.f) Picrolonic acid test Test solution treated with Picrolonic acid.Test for amino acidsa) Millions Test Test solution treated with Millions reagent and heated on a water bath.b) Ninhydrin Test Test solution boiled with Ninhydrin reagent.Test for Carbohydratesa) Molischs Test To the test solution add with hardly a(prenominal) drops of Molischs reagent (Alcoholic-naphthol) and 2ml of conc. sulfuric acid is added slowly from the sides of the test tube.b) Barfords Test Test solution heated with Barfords reagent on water bath.c) Selivanoffs test (Test for Ketones) To the test solution add crystals of resorcinol and equal volumes of concentrated hydrochloric acid and heat on a water bath.d) Test for pentose To the test solution add equal volumes of hydrochloric acid containing little(a) total of Phloroglucinol and heat.e) Osazone formation t est Heat the test solution with the solution of phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride, sodium acetate, and acetic acid.Test for Flavonoidsa) Shinoda Test Test solution treated with fragments of magnesium ribbon and conc. Hydrochloric acid.b) Alkaline Reagent Test Test solution treated with sodium hydrated oxide solutionc) Zinc-Hydrochloride test overcompensate test solution with zinc dust and few drops of HCLTest for glycosidesGeneral test Extract 200 mg of drug with 5 ml of deprave sulphuric acid by warming on a water bath, filter it, and neutralize the acid extract with 5 % solution of sodium hydroxide. Add 0.1 ml of Fehlings solution A and B until it becomes alkaline (test with pH paper) and heat on water bath for 2 minutes.Test B paraphrase Test A procedure by using 5 ml of water instead of swerve sulphuric acid. Note the quantity of red sharp formed.Chemical tests for specific glycosidesTests for Anthraquinone glycosidesa) Borntragers test Boil the test material with 1ml of sulp huric acid for 5minutes. Filter while hot. Cool the filtrate shake with equal volume of dichloromethane or chloroform. Separate the lower layer of dichloromethane or chloroform shake it with half of its volume of slew ammonia.b) Modified Borntragers test Boil 200 mg of test material with 2ml of sulphuric acid. Treat with 2 ml of 5 % aqueous ferric chloride solution (freshly prepared) for 5 minutes, shake it with equal volume of chloroform and continue the test as above.c) Test for hydroxy anthraquinones treat the type with potassium hydroxide solution.Tests for cardiac glycosidesa) Keddes test Extract the drug with chloroform, evaporate to dryness. Add one drop of 90 % alcoholic drink and 2 drops of 2 % sodium hydroxide solution.b) Keller-Killiani Test (Test for deoxy sugars) Extract the drug with chloroform and evaporate it to dryness. Add 0.4 ml of glacial acetic acid containing ferric chloride, add conservatively 0.5 ml of conc. sulphuric acid by the side of test tube.c) Raym onds number treat the test solution with hot methanolic alkali.d) Baljets Test The test solution treated with sodium picrate or picric acid.e) Legals Test Test solution treated with pyridine made alkaline by adding sodium nitroprusside solution.f) Tests for coumarins glycosides Place small amount of exemplar in test tube and covered it with a filter paper, moistened with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Placed the covered test tube on water bath for several minutes. Remove the paper and expose it to ultraviolet softly (UV) light.Cynogentic glycosidesPlace 200 mg of drug in conical flask and moisten with few drops of water.( Flask should be completely dry because atomic number 1 cyanide produced will dissolve in the water rather than come off as gas to react with paper) moisten a piece of picric acid paper with 5% aqueous sodium carbonate solution and suspended in neck of flask. Warm gently at about 37oC. Observe the change in color.Saponin glycosidesFroth test Place 2 ml soluti on of drug in water in a test tube, shake well.Tests for steroids and triterpenoidsa) Liebermann Burchard Test Treat the extract with few drops of acetic anhydride, boil and cool, add conc. sulphuric acid from the sides of test tube.b) Salkowski test Treat the extract with few drops of conc. sulphuric acid.c) Sulfur powder test Add small amount of sulfur powder to the test solution.d) Tests for inulin To the test solution add the solution of -naphthol and sulphuric acid.e) Tests for Lignin Treat the sample with hydrochloric acid and Phloroglucinol.Tests for gingivaTreat the sample with thionine solution. After 15 min wash with alcoholTests for tanninsa) Ferric-Chloride Test Treat test solution with few drops of ferric chloride solution.b) colloidal mousse test To the test solution add 1 % jellyatin solution containing 10 % sodium chloride.Tests for proteinsa) Heat test Heat the test solution in boiling water bath.b) Biuret Test Test solution treated with Biuret reagent (40% sodi um hydroxide and dilute copper sulfate solution).c) Xanthoproteic test To the test solution, add 1 ml of conc. nitric acid and boil yellow set up is formed. After cooling it, add 40 % sodium hydroxide solution.d) Test for starch To the test solution, add weak aqueous one solution. Blue color indicates presence of starch, which disappears on heating and reappears on cooling.Effervescence producesLitmus paper turns blueGives reddish brown colored precipitateGives cream colored precipitateGives reddish brown colored precipitateGives yellow colored precipitateGives buff colored precipitateGives yellow colored precipitateWhite colored precipitateGives violet colorPurple to violet ring appears at the junction of two liquidsIf red cupric oxide is formedRose color is producedRed color produced.Yellow crystals formed.Observe under microscope.Shows pink scarlet, crimson red or occasionally green to blue color after few minutes.Shows increase in the intensity of yellow color on addition of few drops of dilute acid.Shows red color after few minutes.Red Precipitate formedcompared with precipitate of test AA rose pink to red color is produced in ammonical layer.A rose pink to red color is produced in ammonical layer.Red color producedPurple color is produced.Acetic acid layer shows blue colour.Violet colour producedGives yellow to orange colorGives blood red colorPaper shows green fluorescence.Reddish gallant colorStable froth (foam) formedBrown ring is formed at the junction of two layers,If speeding layer turns greenIf upper layer turns deep redRed color at lower layerYellow color at lower layerIt sinks at the bottomBrownish red color formedPink color formedMucilage turns violet red.Gives dark blue color honey oil color appearsPrecipitate formedProteins gets coagulatedGives violet colororange tree color formedBlue color, which disappears on heating and reappears on coolingAcidic compounds presentAcidic compounds presentAlkaloids presentAlkaloids presentAlkaloids pres entAlkaloids presentAlkaloids presentAlkaloids presentAmino acids presentAmino acids presentCarbohydrates presentMonosaccharides are present.Carbohydrates presentCarbohydrates presentCarbohydrates presentFlavonoids presentFlavonoids presentFlavonoids presentIf the precipitate in Test A is greater than in Test B then glycoside may be present.Anthraquinone glycosides presentAnthraquinone glycosides presentHydroxy anthraquinones presentcardiac glycosides presentCardiac glycosides presentCardiac glycosides presentCardiac glycosides presentCardiac glycosides presentCoumarins glycosides presentCynogentic glycosides presentSaponin glycosides yieldSteroids presentTriterpenoids presentSteroids presentTriterpenoids presentSteroids presentInulin PresentLignin PresentMucilage presentHydrolysable tanninsCondensed tanninsTannins presentProteins presentProteins presentProteins presentStarch presentFloroscence Analysis of various extractsPetroleum ether, benzene, Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and aqueous extracts were screened for fluorescence characteristic. The observation pertaining to their colour in day light and under ultra-violet light were noticed and represented in table. Many substances for example quinine in solution in dilute sulphuric acid when suitably illuminated dart light of a different wavelength or colour from that which falls on them. This emitted light (fluorescence) ceases when the exciting light is removed 68.Results given in Table No. 15.HPLC Analysis of sample drugThe chromatographic pattern of plant was obtained as per report with some modifications for which the HPLC conditions are as follows.Extract The methanol extract diluted with HPLC grade methanol and filtered through whatman filter paper and used for analysisInstrument Shimadzu LC-20AT with UV/visible detector unmoving Phase Bonda- pack C-18 newspaper chromatography pillar with 250-4mmMobile Phase Methanol (80) weewee (20) signal detection wave length 350 nmFlow Rate 2 ml/min.HPLC Chrom ato gravitational constant is given in Fig. 3 and its retention time is given in Table no. 16HPTLC Analysis of sample drugThe chromatographic pattern of plant was obtained as per report with some modifications for which the HPTLC conditions are as follows.Extract Methanolic ExtractInstrument HPTLC (Camag, Switzerland)Stationary Phase pre-coated silica gel platesMobile Phase Ethyl acetate Formic acid Glacial acetic acid water (100051020)Spraying Reagent ingrained Product Reagent (NP reagent)Detection 365 nm.HPTLC Chromatogram is given in Fig. 4 and its retention time is given in Table no. 17.Isolation and characterization of chemical principleCompound IThe methanol extract was dissolved in water and partitioned with ethyl acetate and n- butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography for isolation of compounds.Column chromatography The insulation of extract constituents was done by column chromatography. The clean and dried glass column was used. The si lica gel for column chromatography (60-120) was activated at 1100c.The column was filled with silica gel and ready phase without formation of any air bubbles. The silica gel was then allowed to stabilize in the column. Mixture of two or three compounds was uncaring from the ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract of the plant with following experimental conditions 73.Height of column 20 cmDiameter of column 3.5 cm.Stationary phase silicon oxide gel (60-120).Mobile phase Benzene Chloroform Ethyl acetate Methanol with variant ProportionsElution Gradient elution. fragment quantity 25 mlPreparative TLC20 X 20 glass plates were coated with the thick layer of silica gel or any other adsorbent material. The plates were then activated at 1100c.The sample-containing mixture of two or more compounds were applied in the form of thin echo on the plate. The plate was then developed. The different bands set-apart on the plate were scratched and recovered with methanol. Purity of dried sa mple was analyze by TLC method. One single compound was isolated with the help of preparative chromatography from fractions 54- 58. The compound is given for spectral analysis. FTIR spectra, Mass spectra and 1HNMR are given in fig. no. 5, 6 and 7 respectively. The spectral data of FTIR and 1HNMR are given in Table no. 18 and 19 respectively. The sour structure of the compound (Quercetin) is given in Fig. No. 8.Compound IIPetroleum ether extract obtained is processed for separation of the unsaponifiable and saponifiable matter. Extract is allowed to saponify using alcoholic KOH with reflux and then it is extracted with solvent ether for separation of unsaponifiable matter. The aqueous phase is acidified with concentrated H2SO4 and then again extracted with the solvent ether for separation of the saponifiable matter 73.Fractionation of unsaponifiable matterExperimentalHeight of column 25 cmDiameter of column 3.5 cm.Stationary phase Silica gel for column chromatography (60-120).Mobil e phase Benzene Ethyl acetateElution Gradient elution.Fraction quantity 30 mlFractions No. 24-27 were subjected for thin layer chromatography with following experimental conditions.Stationary phase Silica gel HMobile phase Ethyl acetate Benzene (1 9)Detection Vanilin-sulphuric acid reagentIdentification Whitish Purple colourFraction was concentrated and single band was applied. After plate development developed band was scraped (Rf. 0.62). After separation of single compound from the silica, it is dried. This sample was further given for spectroscopic analysis. FTIR spectra, Mass spectra and 1HNMR are given in fig. no. 9, 10 and 11 respectively. The spectral data of FTIR and 1HNMR are given in Table no. 20 and 21 respectively. The assumed structure of the compound (Quercetin) is given in Fig. No. 12.Biochemical Estimationsa) Estimation of Total carbohydrate contentThe adhesion of carbohydrate was done using the method acid base digestion.PrincipleIn hot acidic media glucose is conv erted to hydroxy methyl furfural by dehydration. This forms a green colour product with phenol.Procedure100mg of the aqueous extract was taken and it was hydrolyzed by keeping it on water bath for 3 hours with 5 ml of HCl (2.5N) and cooled at room temperature. modify it with sodium carbonate and volume was made up to 100 ml and from this centrifuge 10 ml of the solution. Then 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1ml of working standard was pipetted out into a series of test tube and in separate test tubes 0.1 and 0.2 ml of sample solution was pipetted out and the volume was make up to 1ml with water. The blank was prepared with 1 ml distilled water. Then 1ml phenol solution and 5ml of sulphuric acid (96%) was added to each test tube and shaken well. After 10 min the test tube was placed in water bath at 25-30C for 20 min. The absorbance was read at 490 nm. And the amount of total carbohydrate present was calculated in the sample using standard graph. Result pertaining to Total carbohydrate conte nt is given in Table no. 22 and Calibration curve of standard glucose dilutions are given in Fig. No. 13.Estimation of Bitterness economic valueThe rancor value of plant material was compared with diluted solution of Quinine hydrochloride. expression of Solutions breeding of Quinine hydrochloride solutionThe stock solution of 100g/ml was prepared from which a series of dilutions 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56 and 58 g/ml were prepared.Preparation of type PreparationForm the stack solution of 1000 g/ml, 100, 200, 300 and 400g/ml dilutions were prepared.MethodTasted all the dilutions of sample and Quinine sulphate by taking the solution in mouth and swirled it for 30 secs in mouth mainly near to the tongue. After tasting each dilution the mouth wash rinsed thoroughly with drinking water and taken the time interval of 10 mins. Until the bitter sensation of previous dilution was no more remain. Then compared the dilution of sample which produced the same bitterness equivalent to the dilution of Quinine sulphate. Then bitterness value was calculated according to following formula.Bitterness value in units per gram = 2000 - AB - CWhere A= quantity of Quinine sulphate (mg) having high bitternessB= the concentration of stock solution (mg/ml)C= heap of sample in ml having higher bitternessResult pertaining to estimation of bitterness value is given in Table no. 22Total Phenolic contentThe total phenolic content of methanol extract of V. capitellatum Smith. (VCM) was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In this method, the blue colour formed due to the polyphenol was measured at 760 nm using UV spectrophotometer.ChemicalsFolin- Ciocalteu reagent (Merck Co.)Gallic acid (Sigma Ltd., USA)Sodium carbonate (SISCO Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India)Reagent preparationFolin-Ciocalteu (phenol) reagentThe reagent was prepared by diluting 1ml with 5ml of distilled water.Sodium carbonate15% solution was prepared in distilled water.Gallic acid solutionThe stock s olution was prepared by fade out 1mg gallic acid in 10ml of water from which different concentrations (20-100g/ml) were prepared.Sample preparationSample solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of the extract in 100 ml of methanol to give (100 g/ml) solution.Procedure0.1ml of extract was mixed with the 0.2ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2 ml water and 1 ml of sodium carbonate solution, and absorbance was measured at 760 nm after 10 min incubation at 50 0C. The total phenolic was expressed as g gallic acid equivalent. Result pertaining to Total phenolic content is given in Table no. 22 and Calibration curve of standard gallic acid dilutions are given in Fig. No. 14.Total Flavonoid ContentTotal flavonoid content of VCM was determined using method reported 79.

Media And Writing Essay Semiotic Analysis

Media And Writing Essay Semiotic psychoanalysisAny daybook article essentially tries to convince the contributor to take on the fact that something exists, and it should draw much(prenominal) worry. With the use of semiotic analysis and the codes, conventions, connotations and ideologies to restore it, this essay will analyze the chosen photo and to highlight The caput of Youth Violence article.The first step in analyzing the multiple meanings of a photo is to understand what is this characterisation and textual message telling to us at a denotation level, which according to Barthes, is the first order of consequence (OShaughnessy and Stadler, 2005115).The photo in this article is a picture that shown the image of a pencil-bag with a light blue flower on its bolshie background, close to edge of an opened zipper there is a ball-pen with pink colorize, and some other ball-pen with flowers hanging over the edge. Moreover, at essence of those ball-pens a sharpen lingua s tick out of pencil-bag and lights shine onto the pencil-bag gives a shaded atomic number 18a is beneath it. A plagiarize children are more truculent and grow up more apt(p rubicundicate) to become involved in hysteria C every as a victimize or as a victim C if they witness violent acts. The home is the most fertile action place for this situation, (American Psychological Association, 1996) at unclutter of the photo. In article, American FBI figures shown in 1996 lady friends accounted for 15 percent of all violent juvenile mothers in get together States and followed with few cases related to juvenile arrests. Thus, this article are constructed by a complex system, which includes implied narrative, interpellation, political theory, index, symbol, signifier and signified which aim to gain more attention from the reader.Secondly, in order to highlight a relevant mental office to the photo, ace can evaluate the connotation of the photo and then the mise en scene itself. Ac cording to Barthes, connotation is the emotions, values and associations that a sign gives rise to in the reader, viewer, or listener (OShaughnessy and Stadler, 2005116). This pointing out in order to explain the ideologies of the photo, its lead a full understanding of all elements that build up the photo. In the photo a knife dramatically sticks out in the middle of stationeries could been considered in school, savants get-go be puzzle more rational and it is dangers to other student. Furthermore, the ingeminate children are more aggressive and grow up more likely to become involved in violence C either as a victimize or as a victim C if they witness violent acts. (American Psychological Association, 1996) also supporting the photo in a more generalized perspective and at very(prenominal) while suggests prevent children from experiencing any form of violent acts. Today, due to the liberation of impart oneself and lack of restriction of selling and buying knife and firearm t he amicable and moral boundaries are weakling day by day. For example, in ledger article July 29, 2009 C 17-year-old Alexis Harris dies after being stabled by another girl during an argument on a basketball court in Cleveland, Ohio. (Gina, 200922), in this paragraph exposed security issues in high school. In addition, from this quote we noticed teenager boys and girls could not control themselves when their conscious driven by anger, humiliation.Before any further discussion, it is important to know the target listening of the article. The context of a photo article is linking with our understanding of the etched reader and the meaning of the text (OShaughnessy and Stadler, 2005127). This photo article was found in the visual sense journal. The journal is mainly focusing on the challenges that face society today. The journal article is aim at any person who is passionate to examining and interrogativeing in complex social, moral and philosophical perspective, and brings solut ions to the problems humanity faces today. This may explain the metaphoric approach of the photo and a inverted comma from American Psychological Associations research paper, highlighting the youth violence is critical. Thus, the link between context and inscribed reader is obvious. In semiotic analysis, interpellation was used to describe, A unconscious process in which we internalize ideologies as response to being addressed (OShaughnessy and Stadler, 2005162). That red pencil-bag in the advertisement and filled with the feminine colored stationery. Thus, such image leads me to think, in general are all children who use a red pencil-bag indicate they are potentially being violent or still the girls are intend to be more violent. Furthermore, I am interpellated as being concerned with school violence because each student in school having their pencil-bag, thus readers are getting more concerning somewhat their children in reality.In terms of the text of the article, three are as should been discussed in detail in order to understand connotative ideas of the photo. One is the quote on top of the photograph the large and bold font size and the organization unwrap in a catching red font color on a lower floor the quote. The word children of the quote children are more aggressive fertile conduct place for this situation. is implied in general all children are more aggressive without gender difference. Moreover, the publisher of this quote and examples in the context C American Psychological Association, shows the truth and evidence of this studies have developed and concluded by authority. Last, FBI figures indicated 15 percent of total juvenile arrests are girls, who committed in violence. This figures increasing since 1996 (University of Alaska Anchorage, 2006).In terms of the journal article name the straits of youth violence, the words youth and violence contains a symbol C which It is well established that co-relation between signifier an signified based on understanding of the article and background (OShaughnessy and Stadler, 2005). In this case, the signifier is the pencil-bag and knife in the photo and the signified is a fact C youth violence has a increasing trend in female gender. This symbol is wide understood in the world as a symbol of schoolchildren and violence, and it relates to the human activity the question of youth violence at first look on the photo. Thus, the quote, the figures and live examples in article has constructed a central ideology on Youth Violence.Visually, this photo has many layers, as William says, Reading media imagery is an wide awake process in which context, social location, and prior experience other readers who may see different meanings. (William, et al., 1992). The first thing one saw when face at the red pencil-bag, we know this is belong to a student. Furthermore, stationary in the pencil-bag are include a various(a) ballpoint pen, pencil sharpener and numerical instruments becaus e every student has math and a language course at least. Thus, a knife was inside a pencil-bag means a student was mean to hurt someone, because knife was a symbol of violence and blood. victimization this image, the author tried to link student and violence and he successfully combined those two ideas.Another successful creation of the photo is its colour scheme. The pencil-bag is coloured with a flashing red colour C a colour possibly implied feminine characteristic of the pencil-bag, and light blue comprise cold and consciousness. In addition, all stationary inside the pencil-bag are followed with same color scheme to define the owner is a female. Thus, from this analysis one can draw narrative image in their mind. It has called the story a picture presents (OShaughnessy and Stadler, 2005125). The implied story is a teenage girl who are intended or an urges to hurt somebody with a knife. The implied narrative is furthered by the quotation on the top of the page, and that leads reader to continue to read more about article in details and further.Finally, semiotic terminology is developed with various effects from a particular ideology, which relate to the photo and context of an article. When analyzing the the question of youth violence photo article, one main ideology is established. Which is the ideology that youth violence is increasing over decade and its become more serious than ever In addition to this ideology is juvenile arrests starting include females as well. According to American FBI figures from 1996 to 2002, female juvenile arrest has increased by 9 percent (Gina, 200922). In reality, many readers are not aware of the facts of teenager is very easy be abnormal by various source to become violent. Through the narrative significance author warn the parents and teenager themselves to be aware of the world have to pay more attention to youth as a unit and in order to prevent any sad incidence in future we need to guide children to a strong and heath public figure in term of physical and psychological balance.

Parameters For Future Energy Price Scenarios

Parameters For hereafter Energy Price ScenariosThe ground rules of divination methods which assert on broadening of tr windups, says godet is unrealistic when the nature is an ever-changing and the phenomena which need to accounted be complex and related. 1Taking the year 2025 as a near end to analyze choice future increments and as well as to assure and reproducible framework using formal models and data to and harmonize regional aspirations with global possibilities, I take the following qualitative parameters into account.1) Population To relate population harvest-feast and competency demand, the link amid population and free vital force involves two mediatory connecting elements to be recognized.They relate to the changes in financial development. Typically, the greater a regions per capita revenue, the greater its per capita usance of brawn. 22) Environmental taxes Taxes on heftiness consumption and carbon taxes reflect instruments which subject the polluting rel eases, by economists. Practicing purlieual policies, the increasing number of Western European countries has utilize taxes based on the emissions or zip fastener content of the cogency products. These unimpeachably influence the talent set scenarios in the near future. 33) Investments in zero grant empyreanOver the period of years 2001-2030 the total enthronization essential for push solelyton supply infrastructure worldwide is estimated around $16 trillion.4.This enthr acement must be used to en bouffant supply force and to replace present and future supply amenities that pull up stakes be drained or become let step to the fore-of-date during the projection period. The dynamism securities industry of the world is expected to rise by 2/3rds over the a al nonp beilting 30years. Energy infrastructure coronation is a cardinal driver for the harvest-tide of the economy. Energy-investment requirements result account for an important fact of total home(prenominal) investment in Russia and other passing economies, Africa and the hydrocarbon-rich Middle East. Between primary dodo force outs, the ceiling intensity of investment varies considerably. Natural brag is about six times more than outstanding-intensive than coal for equivalent energy supplied. 5 This is a almighty consideration for capital-constrained countries. Future investment needs be subject to round uncertainties, including macro economical conditions, energy prices, environmental policies, geopolitical factors, technological developments. 64) Energy engineering cost Advanced energy technologies spate influence immense- termination energy investment outlook. Due to steep deliverance costs in an threatening grocery store, the fuel costs of travel in hydrogen fuel render vehicles would greater than those of the alternative conventional fuels, but they could ultimately become oppose to gasoline vehicles. displace cell vehicles be prone to engine room development hurdles however, thither should be mountainous decrease in price of owning an automobiles forwards fuel celled vehicles become attr alive(p) to the general public. Fuel terminus is excessively a problem. The extensive use of H2 has to be intervened by the disposal to im evoke its use, refueling facilities and vehicles. Nuclear advances commode lead to designs with less capital costs, shorter construction time and flexible operation, so improving the economics of thermo thermonuclear electricity. There is widespread interest worldwide in a quaternate generation of nuclear power reactors, though public opposition so-and-so continue. 75) Energy technology airing rates Energy Technology diffusion is a sophisticated process presenting diverse dimensions for analysis. In dividing the study aspects of technology diffusion, it is in the scope of this paper to analyze the process in various dimensions. It sess have a huge influence on the set scenario.6) Climatic Policies The energy policies ar constantly changing, especially in proportion to climate change and the energy transition. The energy markets argon lacking regulations, thither is an maturation in the demand energy from re advancedable resources and there ar price hikes. And further changes atomic number 18 yet to come into picture. Many of these improvements be interrelated and it is difficult to foresee their impact on strategies. However, with an affirmative come along to bare-ass improvements and accessing the right skill we tramp minimize risks and avail opportunities.7) act of terrorist act Through 2025, internal skirmishes threat the stability around the globe. Terrorist attacks are at one time posing serious threats to the worlds economy and energy efficiency.Between straightaway and 2025 terrorism leave behind grow sophistically to a new height which b go ones the world pink of my John and harmony, indirectly effecting the energy efficiency and price scenarios. Due to these internal threats the local anesthetic administrations are tending to invest more on internal certification sophistications and hence diverting the energy investments. We kindle expect more lethal terrorist attacks to occur in the future. therefore, terrorism gouge be considered as a threat to the energy efficiency. 88) Natural Calamities No nation, expert or forecasting technique can foresee a natural disaster and proscribe its damage. Natural calamities can invariably affect a nations economy and energy stability. Energy price scenarios are highly influenced by these disasters. The effects embarrass the diversion of investments to alternate housing provisions for disaster struck colonies. sleep measures have to be initiated and continued which includes huge energy consumption poignant the energy price scenario.9) National and Local Politics Government yield is essential for energy policies. Creative technologies are to be experimented and implemented under the pa tronage of the government hence the frontrunners are planning to invest remind of their economy for these implementations. Since the global warming and other issues became serious issues of political interests, the government willing be a substantial issue in energy pricing.10) Cumulative primary energy consumption and renewable energy employmentCumulative energy demand and efficiency can be seen as an indicator of environmental influences to estimate the exhaustion of energy resources and usage of unwashed energy sources considering a whole lifecycle. Prospective barbel al styles emphasizes on consumptions in the future leading to formulating theories which in return help quantification this parameter. 911) cultural effects Generally living cultures and groups grow continuously and affect one or the other forms of environmental activities at the lowest levels. For an example, if a person has a big car and a small car he would generally prefer to use a bigger car.Let it be f or prestige or whatever, our culture is that way. So, cultural effects also cephalalgia the energy price scenario of the world. Consumer culture plays a weighty section in the energy needs and mathematical product.Ans. 1b) Identification of Quantifiable ParametersAll the qualitative parameters discussed in the previous section are non quantifiable but about are definitely quantifiable.Population.Environmental taxes.Investments in energy deliver sectorEnergy technology cost.Cultural effects.Ans. 1c) Godets PropositionI moderately tick off with this specific aspect of Godets proposition.Qualitative forecasting techniques generally depend on expert opinions. These can be applied where historical data is available. scarce the historical data cannot directly interpret the future. Quantitative forecasting methods are used when departed data is available. In the quantitative forecasting techniques the spring relationship is also taken into account.Qualitative forecasting emphasize s more than on prediction of future through the present scenario. It can manytimes be too erroneous to depend upon.The cause is that predicting the future has always been an probability for us to let our minds run free. Eventually we will be keen or sad to see technological development which will get down unforeseen changes. As market by Godet, imagination can shit but sometimes it can follow a kink. Extrapolation of the prevailing trend sometimes leads to futuristic thoughts.These, sometimes, can be accurate too. But I consider that extrapolation of the variable a good method rather than a complete extension of a trend. But, we cannot alone depend on our predictions always. Future had never been predicted exactly and never will be.We cannot leave our posterity with predictions single but we must prepare them for any lieu. Prospective onslaught can be a solution to broaden our perspective towards the future but anything cannot be predicted. 10Ans. 1d) Commercialization of energy efficiency in Japan1. Although some(prenominal) firms whitethorn be developing energy technologies and might have super features with great scientific advances but the mercenaryisation is a bug in the ear of much(prenominal) firms. Market-adaptation skills and institutions to take benefits are still scarce.In fudge 4 of paper by Osamu Kimura on Commercialization of energy- efficacious technologies in Japan, some technologies which failed to get commercialized due to lack of marketing skeletal models. Michel Godets ideas on commercialization and qualitative approach could have definitely better the commercialization potential of the technologies which failed to get commercialized due to marketing deficiencies.The main worry is a deficiency of commercial awareness where the advanced, inspirational and market related abilities to turn an idea or design into a dependable commercial able product. Specifically quality is the lacking factor. These market-related deficiencies are persistent in any economy. 11Godet believed in an eight correspond strategic approach, which he called a prospective approach, can be profitable in commercializing technologies to the core.The first stage hawked with the socio-organizational context which sets the tenor for the entire process. Technologies which have failed at this level cannot move any further because it justifies technology and tell us why it is shut ind.The sulphur stage hawked a 360 degree x-ray oft the enterprise, its experience/experience, and its fertile capacities. Such a verdict will be effective in commercialization since the trademark of the developer can also affect the extent of commercialization.The terce stage emphasizes on the structural diagnosis of the enterprise, whereas, the quartetth analyses the dynamics of an enterprise, its strengths and weaknesses and so forth Technologies the equal estrus Transport System using vacuum breakup which were introduced and failed to get commerci alized due to organizational instabilities can be improved of their potential if they are introduced by a more stable organization, fit to the second, third and fourth stages in the prospective approach.12The fifth stage attempts to attach certainty in key questions about the future with experts advice and expand the risks, trends etc.tera Technologies like High Efficiency Heat Pump Using Multi Fuel Engine and High Efficiency Heat Pump Using hydrogen Absorbing Alloy, which were dependent on fuels not available in the foreseen future, can be effectively commercialized using businesslike fuel rally on expert advice.The sixth seventh and one-eighth stages dealt in compatibility and implementation. additional significant features of commercialization are constant product maturity development and cost decline. Technologies like Compression/Absorption hybrid heat pump, Heat recovery from slag process in steel plants, Heat enrapture system using surfactants and Absorption pump us ing natural refrigerants can be commercialized if they successfully pass through the sixth, seventh and eighth stages of the prospective approach. 122) I completely accept the conclusions of the study. There were mainly four conclusions of the study. First, the government funding for private RD needs to be in long tem.The creation of new technology frequently plays a significant role as a source of economic evolution. Furthermore, social return is always greater than the private return and hence all countries motivation to introduce their technologies through government funding so that the technology can reach the public far well. wherefore such(prenominal) technology introductions receive more loans and subsidies. Two of the bases which lead to such a technology are market fluctuations and underinvestment in such technologies. Whenever a technology is under RD, such a technology cannot be placed under secrecy and hence it will gain public interest and in turn the government fund ing can initialize its commercialization to a better level than a private company.Public RD funding surges the total RD expenditure only if the contributions importunity firms to research and deploy projects that would otherwise recognized on a littler scale. So, the government funding to the private RD has to be formulated to belong term so as to assist effective commercialization.Second, responding to and influencing market demand is a key to commercialization. Commercialization is the process by which people, responding to markets, transform new knowledge and technology into economically successful products, processes, or religious services. Knowledge, sessions and topical studies suggest that a national method to commercialization should highlight the demand for RD and technology and form plans close to their marketplaces.Third, the deployment policy should complement the public RD in the commercialization phase. effectuation at the pre commercial stage is the beginning of th e commercial distribution. This has to be make analogous to the RD so as to find out the pros and cons of the technology in the commercial sector.Finally, assessment of cost and market demand. The profitability of innovation depends on the costs of commercialization. In some industries or technologies, the sheer size of the investment required is the largest single hurdle to commercialization. Only in recess markets, with less competition and consideration of costs, can small plants compete successfully in these industries.In other industries, however, capital costs do not present as great a barrier to commercialization. . Especially in new industries that are expected to demonstrate strong learning- curve effects, determination makers often cannot determine how quickly production costs will drop to a desired level. Uncertainties regarding cost also enter the decision-making process. 13Hence arrangements have to be made in say to develop commercial stock. This helps the economy and also the interests of the geographical analysts. The ongoing investments in energy terminus show an urgent need of energy storage.There have to be a regulation or a regulatory committee memory an eye on the investments in infrastructure which proves a potential alternative for the energy supply in the energy crisis.Greater efficiency of energy throughout its usage has to improve a lot in order to lessen the energy usage and use the available energy effectively and efficiently.Answer to question 2 upcountry energy market mandate according to the demand price scenario. The OPEC oil price rise in 19732a) Gazproms supremacy over the European natural gas market is a growing concern among Europes policy makers. In restricting European investors from the Russian market, challenging access to regulatory distributions on the European market, while at the same time exercising its influence upon the CIS states, Russia has showed it undependability as a long-term provider. requirement planning faced a hindrance by lack of lucid comparison amongst the known definitions and the operative measures which were taken. In this context I assume myself as a large manufacturer (large energy run throughr) and puff my response.Early in the crisis, Europes gas industry showed its capability to manage with several(prenominal) features of the problem being faced by Europe. The presence of transaction covenants and supply contracts permitted establishments to work together to preserve sources to internal customers, schools and hospitals, during the un miscellanyest days of emergency. 14*.Manufacturers are withstanding high energy prices and supply cuts (as in this case where Gazprom cuts its energy supplies or increase price by 200%), where energy is only a small component in the cost of production. Usually the problems that persist for a large manufacturer when there is an energy supply cut or a price hike areGenerally the lack of fuel-switching capability in the cardinal equipment (which requires a lot of capital investment).Unattractive attributes of some energy-saving equipment, such as differences in quality or comfort and high cost. Energy-savings may be less important than other factor-savings.Energy storage sooner the energy crisis occurs (before the supplies are cut).Investments to buy more energy from the supplier before the energy supplies are cut.Transportation of fuel and transfer of raw materials/products. meddling for alternating sources, and pipeliningDemand at alternative sources.Being a large manufacturer I am putting forward the following solutions, The Internal Market Principle, which one part of the market should help in proviso another part at a period when there is scarcity of energy must prove valuable.There is a lack of interdependence in the EU. This has to develop to a significant scale where the EU relies much on itself rather than the Middle East countries for energy supplies.Fuel transition from have to be modify i n order to make EU a comfortable, sustainable and competitive in the energy market.A more interconnected market is always required where the flexibility and security becomes a major aspect. More fuel switching options have to be introduced in order to reduce the risks that the reliability on a single supplier introduces.Gas storage is a useful task when there is an energy scarcity has to be implemented which plays an important role in decent market functioning under energy hindrances and supply cuts.The EU has to hold the line relying on a single supplier and diversify its importing scheme for securing its energy needs.Increasing dependence on gaseous fuels for electricity and domestic heating, with no or limited availabilities of fuel switching technologies is a greater risk.Developments have to be made in implementing renewable energy and enact fuel switching.Transportation has to be made more energy efficient for greater energy efficiency.Developing technological innovations such as self-powering unmortgaged electrical power systems which extract the required electrical supply from active vacuum and readily scalable in size and yield.Measures have to be taken by the respective governments or the organizations to crash the scraps that rose among the producer and the consumer. Geo-political issues come into discussion here, which is out of our interest.Limiting the production and energy usage until the scrap is disruptd is another option.15Ans.2b) In the above response, I believed in going with both out of the stripe solutions and a partially conservative, additive approaches together.As manufacturer, one of my key duties to foresee a situation and change accordingly for the sustainable development of my organization until it achieves success. If an organization is do well, it is evident for us that there is nothing wrong with the situation and it is utterly under control. But still we need to extrapolate continuously and new ideas to secure the perfect condition of the organization. Innovation requires us to think out of bounds and it requires unlocking creativity.In the above context I searched for other possibilities of energy crisis and so I came up with effective solutions which may prove useful in the future also. For example, fuel switching is an out of the concussion solution. Adapting to the energy changes with new technology and energy efficient systems is an out of the case solution. approach path to the advantages of idea out of the box in order to achieve service excellence every business operation expresses strategies and measures which have been or are being accomplished in their particular industry by their rejoinder parts or all these systems have remained standing since time because there is a mindset that the customers are most contented and pleased with the way that they are being aided. In certain occasions schemes and measures are a result of involvement of an individual or a team who obviously a re the achievers of the trade and are considered to be born geniuses who are totally in agreement with the pulse of their customers. This sometimes can be a conservative approach. It will work well when the situations are a geminate of the past. In the above solutions, storing energy, limiting the production and internal market principles are some examples of conservative approaches. Incremental approaches are primarily counterpoint result solutions between the consumer and the supplier.All such circumstances are very unfit and waiting to bounce back at a slimmest blunder.Interactions with customers, policy makers can be made interesting by thinking out of the box and adopting systems which are efficient when compared to those in the conservative approach.Ans.2c) I believe that an incremental approach is the best solution to reduce the ill effect created by inflexible market issues. This approach takes the initiative in solving the conflict by offering help to the conflicting p arties. It can also prove useful to threaten both the parties and force them to take timely decisions in resolving the conflict. It also provides the conflicting parties with optional solutions along with their advantages and disadvantages. It, however cannot resolve all conflicts but it will definitely provide some attention in at least reducing the magnitude ill effects. This kind of approach recognizes that gradual long term approach offers the best solutions to such conflicts. It also recognizes that dividing the conflict into parts and solving each part incrementally is a sound approach.The incremental approach recommends the parties to examine the full context of the conflict and recognize the unpleasant effects of the conflict. Sometimes this incremental approach involves functions like making negotiation between the conflicting parties, in smaller issues and wherefore move on to the more adverse issues. Fractionalization is employed in shift the issues into smaller parts and dealing with them one by one. This incremental approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. Braking up the inflexible issues and using negotiations to solve the conflicts are some of the advantages. But the conflict resolving techniques of this approach can bring up many other problems and can sometimes utterly fail in conflict resolving.Conservative approach is a one in which the parties will insist more on conservation compared to conflict resolving. This approach can work well only for a small, certain period of time. In this kind of approach there are no attempts made to resolve the conflict. So there can arise a situation where the conflict grow up to peaks and irresolvable. Conservative approach can go along with the incremental approach for the best performance.While negotiating with the parties, following an incremental approach, an interior conservative approach have to be followed. This can continue until the problem is solved. It also has its own set of advanta ges and disadvantages.Service brilliance can also be achieved by doing accurate things in a diverse trend or simply by improving the quality of your procedures by thinking out of the box. An approach is said to be out of the box when that is new, imaginative and cannot be related to normal or conventional approach. Similarly a technology which is invented through unlocking creativity is known as an out of the box technology. Approaches leading to such out of the box technologies are known as an out of the box technological approach. An out of the box technological approach is different from straight approaches in various ways. Technologies which evolve from conventional approaches are necessarily improvements of past technologies. They depend a lot on the past variables and past attributes. Such approaches generally attract people/customers who are raise in improvements to the previous technology.Markets to such conventional technologies follow trends almost homogeneous to those followed by their parent technologies. These trends can sometimes be variable attributing those to testy results to the customer satisfaction, extent of improvement etc. Whereas, technologies which are out of the box are new and creative. There can be some implications to such creative inventions. Technologies that are out of the box need not be entirely new. When they follow a familiar theory, their implementation may be different when they follow a familiar implementation, their background and theory may be different when they follow a familiar theory and a familiar implementation, their field of application may be different or new. They can sometimes be entirely new too. Markets trends to such out of the box technologies are very unpredictable. The procedures that are made or are being followed cannot be inflexible and they cannot deal with out of the book solutions for every problem. All the initial steps of careful screening would mean that the poster dealing with the client s is armed with the right kind of boldness that is required in service industry. There is a very thin line between being elastic while providing furnishing the customers necessities and desires and breaking the rules and procedures in the apparel of dower people. 16Ans.2d) I feel that foreseeing a situation which is already being seen is not an intellectual way of answering this question. Nowadays we are already in a situation where we need to do with less, in terms of capital goods, travel, and levels of comfort for the benefit of all. Presently we are personally reducing the usage of plastic, this is because plastic cannot be decomposed and when we try to decompose or burn it, it will produce harmful fumes. So this can be one of the cases where we are reducing our comfort levels for the sake of others. Instead, we are using alternative methods like replacing plastic with paper. We are even keen on implementing the leash rs (reduce, reuse and recycle).Similarly, lighting is essen tial to a modern society. Lights have modify the way we live, our efforts and our entertainment. Today, about five percent of the energy used in the world is for lighting our homes, buildings, and streets.Nowadays we reduced the amount of energy we consume for lighting, intentionally or unintentionally, we have begun using energy efficient systems. decrease energy usage or switching to energy efficient methods can be efficient.In the last 100 years, appliances have revolutionized the way we leave out energy and our time at home. Tasks that used to take ages are now achieved in few minutes, using electricity most of the time. Until the embargos of the 1970s, people cloud without thought of fuel economy or ecological impacts. Aerodynamic designs were have and engine size condensed. More vital was that engines were enhanced to upsurge fuel efficacy with fuel injectors and electronic communications. CO2 emissions are threatening to the world. Hence we are adapting to substituting f uels.We reduce our luxury for the sake of others and energy efficiency. We are using public transport to reduce the energy usage.Thinking conjointly about the present and future is an important step, but reflecting upon changes in the environment should not become an end in itself. Similarly, we do not want to shine a spotlight on the surface while leave the center in the dark. The future is genuinely the result of human will and initiative. Local ecological influences are likely to remain to take superiority over worldwide change in the accomplishment of sustainable energy developments. 17Answer to question 33a) Major changes in the UK affecting the energy during the past 50 years also brought up with them a major technological change. Some may be positive and beneficial but some may be negative and ineffective. Lets talk about them one by one.Restriction on manufacturing new types of nuclear power plants (Sizewell B reactors).These have been the most important challenges for the technologists. They have to find new technologies for producing nuclear energy based on gas-cooled reactors because there is a restriction on building water cooled reactors. They have to build new reactors, storage units etc. this demands a lot of finance to be invested initially. brand-new technologies have to be developed to ensure the safety of the labor in this industry, for example, radiation loathsome safety suits, etc., Gas cooled reactors a second generation British technology reactors which uses graphite as moderator. The advantage of this design is that the coolant can go to high temperature than water. Resulting higher plant efficiency (above 40%) compared to the water cooled design (around 30%). This is recognized as the most important improvement in nuclear technology. 18The Natural gas from the North Sea is being replaced by the gas derived from the Coal.This reduced the pressure on the coal industry. But this demanded new technologies for efficient offshore fuel ex traction stations and for transport. Leak proof, underwater pipelines were a huge burden initially. Refining the fuel gas also introduced new innovations. Progress in offshore technologies is exemplified by advances in production platforms and production systems which highly rely on seismic technology. Drilling technologies have also improved a lot, leading to multilateral and multi branch wells.Floating storage vessels, shuttle tanks and condensation technologies are the most recognized improvements in the transportation technologies. 19Privatization of the coal /electricity industries and British GasAs the technologies of the government are patented, privatization generally introduces new technologies into the respective industries thus causing technological expansion.Promoting renewable energy investment by consumers.Renewable energy investments promoted the developments of technologies in a lower, domestic level. The diffusion of new and renewable technologies is determined by a logistic curve function of two key factors the size of the economic potential and the length of the diffusion process, which are different according to the technology. New and emerging renewable energy technologies include cellulosic ethanol, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy.solar power panels that use nanotechnology, which is used in creating circuits out of individual silicon molecules, will probably cost half as much as traditional photovoltaic cells.The future prospects of electricity needs an innovation of nuclear and wind energies.Since earliest times, man has utilized the power of the wind. The technology has diversified over ages to include pumping water, grinding grain

Gender inequality in the spread of HIV AIDS

grammatical sex dissimilarity in the spread head of hu earth immunodeficiency virus assistIn declination 2002, Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations at the time wrote in the raw York Times, AIDS has a womans face (2002). Wo custody constitute 57 percent of transmissions in sub-Saharan African countries that ar experiencing human immunodeficiency virus epidemics (UNAIDS Report 2004). Further more in sub-Saharan Africa, young wowork force aged 15 to 24 argon more than three times as likely to be infected as young workforce (UNAIDS Report 2004). In this test I provide argue, with an emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa that the feminised epidemic that is taking place is organism exacerbated largely due to fetch up Inequality. I will argue this is the eggshell because this is because women atomic number 18 socially, economically, and culturally more vulnerable to infection than men. Prevalent issues such(prenominal) as womens fiscal dependence on men, both ph ysical and intimate abuse from their partners and the fact that it is customary for masculines to wee multiple partners are recognise sexuality aspects that are crucial to the spread of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in the region. I will start by defining what is meant by sex activity Inequality and why it is important in this context and then reach the reasons with an emphasis on notions of masculinity and femininity to explain why the rest of women being infected is rising. However, although this essay will primarily focus on women, it is important to note the gender aspects relating to the spread of HIV amongst men, in fussy the nip to perform and satisfy multiple sexual partners. Throughout the essay I will have-to doe with the issue of gender inequality to the themes of globalisation, exiguity and governance and leadership whilst giving reference to the examples of Nigeria, Uganda and south Africa to support my argument. So what exactly is gender inequality and w hy is it important? When talking astir(predicate) gender inequality in sub-Saharan Africa, the issue is clear. Tallis relates the border best, remarking that we are analysing the position and status of women in relation to the position of men and the position of different women (2000 59). The importance of gender inequality cannot be under(a)estimated as it is evident at all stages of the prevention-care continuum. Gender inequality is perhaps the main(prenominal) problem area impeding HIV/AIDS prevention (Tallis 2000 60). Furthermore, reports by several non-governmental organizations such as UNESCO, the UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on breeding and the Global Campaign for Education recognise that gender issues are unwrap to the problem of HIV and AIDS (Oxfam 2008 11). It is undisputed in the specialist HIV/AIDS field that gender roles and unequal gender relations are fuelling the epidemic by rendering women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Gender inequality is closely comm only when seen in notions of masculinity and femininity across African societies. In South Africa, culture is generally male-dominated, with women conventionally given a depleteder social status. Men are socialised to believe that women are inferior and should be under their reign over women are socialised to over-respect men and act submissively towards them ( health24 2009). In addition to their lower status, b miss African women generally have less access to safe housing and are often dependent on their male partners as breadwinners for support (Petros 2006 72). Sex, for representative continues to this mean solar day to be defined primarily in name of male desire with women being the relatively passive recipients of these passions(Seidel 2000).Dr. Seggasne Musisi, head of psychiatric reference book at Mulago Hospital relates soundly the psychology of sexual behaviour in Uganda. Control of sexual relations is purely with men. Women have no cultural or legal power to either promote or control their sexual health (Human Rights Watch 2003). In these male-dominated societies, the essay of HIV/AIDS is exacerbated further by waste sexual practise, both by men and by women (which will be discussed later). Traditionally men are given to have multiple partners and practise sex outside of a relationship, so far even suspected infidelity on a womans part is socially unacceptable and can easily result in craze or social exclusion (Ackerman and de Klerk 2002 169). Misconceptions of protective use in African societies only go down the situation. Women are largely afraid to introduce subject of prophylactic protection for fear of domestic power either for suspecting their husbands of having extramarital personal business or because they might be accused of adultery (Human Rights Watch 2003). Margaret Namusisi, 25 years old from Uganda explains the response when she asked her husband to wear a condom. When I tell him to use a condom he refuses. He accuses me of havin g other men. (Human Rights Watch 2003) There was likewise the concern from women that if they asked to use condoms during sex, it would lead to violence or financial abandonment (World Health Organization 2003). Namusisi comments on the response she faces when she refuses to have sex without protection, He goes away and doesnt provide. So I have sex with him so that he can look after the children and habit fight (Human Rights Watch 2003) Globalisation and national economic policies have play a major role in heightening existing gender inequalities, increasing the economic dependence women have on their partners. The World Health organization has repeatedly criticized the wedge globalization has had in sub- Saharan Africa, ship Nigeria as an example. It argues that, in Nigeria, globalisation has benefited the rich (mostly men) nevertheless penalised the poor, less educated, low skilled or slothful fall within this other group, which relate to women (1990). What this equates t o is that the average Nigerian woman finds it increasingly hard to leave disgraceful or risk based relationships because of increased economic dependence (Zierler and Krieger 1998). forbidding criticism has been levelled also at the Structural Adjustment Program that was incorporated into underdeveloped countries. Despite the many a(prenominal) benefits that Structural Adjustment Programmes provide to developing countries such as building up economies and changing national legislature in order to create an environment more open to entering investment from abroad SAPs have many flaws. PrimarilySAPs the main flaw affects the offer and the demand for health services through health spending cuts and also by reducing household income, which leaves people with less money for needed treatment. (World Health Organization). Yet many are denied access to appropriate intervention and curative services especially in parts of the mankind where their call for are greatest. As the epide mic has progressed, women have taken increasing indebtedness for those who are sick or orphaned by AIDS in time they have been allowed little influence over the relevant policy and mean decisions (Doyal in Tallis 200087). It is important to note that this is not solely the boldness in Nigeria, but in the majority of sub- Saharan Africa where p openy affects 315 billion people and one in two of people in hitman Saharan Africa survive on less than one dollar per day (Food4Africa 2011) What SAPs and the aforementioned factors produce a corporation where poverty drives Women resorting to increasingly risky sexual behaviours as part of multiple livelihood strategies (Ahonsi 1999) Entering prostitution is not a personal choice in many cases but the last resort of women who have been structurally disadvantaged in every way and left with no other resource but their bodies (Schoepf 1998 65). It is wide recognised that men will pay more to have sex without a condom, which the sex work ers find difficult to refuse due to their financial problems. Moreover, with the HIV/AIDS epidemic concentrated in the poorest parts of the solid ground with 90% of HIV positive cases living in the developing world UNAIDS/WHO (1997) it is vital to have constitutional guidelines to safeguard the population from the growing epidemic. The lack of both extensive guidelines and implementation of procedures within national constitutions for extensive responses to HIV/AIDS leads to situation where gender inequality will inevitably worsen For instance the Nigerian Constitution legislates for the protection of human rights but at that place is a need to create explicit benchmarks and guidelines to implement and develop effective rights-based response to gender inequality and HIV/AIDS (Aniekwu 2002 35). South Africa has brought in laws detailing measures on promoting womens rights in what had been a predominantly patriarchal society among whites as well as blacks, the ANC has legalised abor tion, given women equal power in marriage, cracking down on domestic violence and banning gender discrimination amongst other initaitives (Economist 2010). On paper South Africa has one of the worlds most commendable constitution containing an impressive legal arsenals for protecting womens rights and is ranked quaternary out of 53 countries with regards to this (Economist 2010). But the gap between principle and physical exercise is often wide (Economist 2010) with women still more likely to be unemployed and 40% admit that their first experience of sex was a blow (Economist 2010). Furthermore intimate partner violence is associated with increased levels of HIV risk behaviour, examples being multiple partners, high levels of prostitution and excessive substance use. A potential link between HIV status and domestic violence has also been recognized with studies from Africa showing an increased risk of violence when the man is HIV positive (van der Straten in WHO 200354) or when t he woman perceives herself to be at high risk of acquiring HIV from the man (Coker AL and Richter DL in WHO 2003 54) Before concluding, it is important that the Government is the responsible party under relevant international instruments to protect rights (Aniekwu 2002 35). But Presidents such as South Africas Jacob Zuma are doing nothing but aggravating the controversial issue of gender inequality through their own actions. Zuma used traditional notions of gender roles within Zulu society to form the basis of his defence against rape allegations claiming sexual talk with his accuser was demanded by his status as a Zulu male and to deny a woman sex in Zulu culture when she is ready would be equal to rape (Andrews 2007 44). The Zuma case not only exposed national concerns round a culture of violence towards women but also revealed the ways in which gender roles were related via cultural norms. To conclude, It is important to note that men do suffer also as a result of gender inequ ality. For men, the pressure to perform sexually and with many partners places them at risk of HIV infection (Tallis 2000 58). The male-orientated culture present in sub-Saharan African societies means that many men wont seek HIV services due to a fear of stigma and discrimination and the perception of being labelled worn down in such a male dominated society, which then has an impact on their wives or partners. Both Education and Health Programmes can break access to services for both women and men by removing financial barriers, convey services closer to local communities and tackling HIV/AIDS. In this essay I have shown the combination of their sexuality and gender disadvantage in terms of cultural, economic and social factors places women more at risk of infection than men. Gender inequality has undoubtedly been a driving force in the spread of HIV/AIDS and will continue to do so until traditional notions of the roles of men and women are overhauled. As whilst, the blame cult ure placed towards women continues, the HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS epidemic will be remain feminised and sub-Saharan African women will still find themselves faced with overt prejudice.

Child Abuse Case Study: Peter Connelly Essay -- Toddler Peter Connell

Child detestation does not detach against a child because of age, sex, religion, or socioeconomic background. Every child is assailable to abuse. Parents today face the possibility that someone they know or a stranger may hurt or take advantage of their children. search indicates that as many as one out of every 4 children will be the victims of some kind of abuse (National Child ill-treat Statistics). Furthermore, one of the biggest ironies of child abuse is that the family, a childs primary winding source of care, love, and security, can also be their most taunting experience. This was the typesetters case of 17 calendar month old baby, dent Connelly. Throughout his short disembodied spirit span, he suffered from neglect and physical abuse that ultimately caused his death. Child abuse is a serious problem that is being taken too lightly. Peter Connelly was born March 1st, 2007 in Haringey, London. In a two month period Peters father moved out of the hou se, term his mother Tracey Connelly met a new guy St still Baker at a club. On October 13th Peter was taken to the doctors state of affairs with bruises to the side of his head. His mother told the authorities that he fell out of his crib. onetime(prenominal) around December Peters mothers thirty-two year old boyfriend, Steven Baker, moves into the home. Within the equivalent month he was rushed to the emergency room with head injuries, injure to the bridge of the nose, sternum, right shoulder and buttocks. Peters mother verbalise he fell off of his seat. Ultimately, his case was referred to social services. Peter was presumptuousness temporarily to a friend of the family. Pursing this further, on January 26th Peter is returned to his mother, even though Tracey Connelly was still on bail for assaulting and neglecting the baby. Time... ...Baby P Death Named. BBC watchword - Home. Web. 07 Apr. 2011. .Hughes, Mark. Baby Ps Killers the Untold Story - Crime, UK - The Indep endent. The Independent discussion UK and Worldwide News Newspaper. Web. 07 Apr. 2011. .Layman, Richard. Child Abuse. Detroit, MI Omnigraphics, 1990. 15+. Print.National Child Abuse Statistics Childhelp. barroom and Treatment of Child Abuse Childhelp. Web. 07 Apr. 2011. .Timeline Leading to Toddler Peter Connellys tragedy The Sun News. The Sun The Best for News, Sport, Showbiz, Celebrities The Sun The Sun. Web. 07 Apr. 2011. .