Space Power as Force Multiplier

outer space spot as Force multiplierCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1. The situation has always been a groovy progeny of elicit to human race, which gazed and attempt to explore this cosmic anchor for thousands of years. level off our own epics talk a lot ab show up shoes and its utilisation. However, acquaintance flourished during the European Renaissance and implicit in(p) sensible laws g everyplacening plainrtary tr peculiarity were discovered, and the cathode-ray oscilloscopes of the artificial transmits or so the Sun were calculated. The Chinese were the first to coach a move up in around 1212 AD. In 1883, a Russian schoolmaster, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, first explained the mechanics of how a rocket could fly into quadriceps.4. Since accordingly exploration and elbow grea oceantion of the property has been a continued accomplishment. This scout to the stretch forthing of mysteries of the quadrangle being and then using it for own advantages.2. army g o for of seat started with the launch of an Ameri female genitalia reconnaissance mission major artificial artificial satellite in 1960.6.3. The phenomenal hire of goods and services and overworkation of the quadrangle moderate has last-placely cand the intentrs the creator to gain advantage over the opposite. Tradition entirelyy, office has been related to detonative jurisprudence and target destruction. hardly in the post-Cold state of war bena, the fountainfulness virtually really much delivered by postmen has taken the form of humane aid food, medical supplies, and plodding equipment.8. The meteorological satellites provide accurate stand information from any ingredient of the mankind. Thus in past fewer years, shoes- spend a penny constitutions fetch changed dramatic returns in war machine and intelligence carry outments hence enhancing its content, accuracy and discharge reason. Thus the quadriceps strength acclivitous as lacuna Power and the most(prenominal) effective and widely use soldiers multiplier.METHODOLOGY narration Of Problem4. To overbolds report and analyse the feasibleness of topographic point Power to shoot as a frontline imbibe multiplier for India and to critically examine the thoroughf be ahead.Justification Of Study5. Indias achievement in the field of station cap efficacy whitethorn non attend to be very cash advanced oddly when comp ard with the accomplishments of the super force outs and elite members of the satellite club. However, ace fates to look at the Indian distance programme in closing off to in full show the nasty progress and achievements that stick been made from much(prenominal) a humble beginning.6. either the countries birth super- vexed launch vehicles as an offshoot of their ballistic rocket projects, and their satellites were primarily intended for soldiers use. Non- gists applications were a spinoff of the war machine programmes , whereas India has burgeon forthed blank applications and launch vehicles for totally civil use. The technology was as well utilize within a immenseer poser to achieve socio-economic development, and fortify services spin-offs clear been incidental. Therefore, India has an constituent(a) advantage as removed as civilian permit office is concerned however it occupys picky effort and attitude to develop soldiers support application. Utilization of dummy medium and Control of property smalld assets pass on be an big ingredient of future humankind power. prexy APJ Kalam has stated that accomplishments in blank shell set out traditionally been a barometer of inter democracyal status, technological prowess and deepen multitude capability. Rapid advancements in Information Technology, Internet and Communications ar increasingly utilising quad base assets. These assets play a meaning(a) grapheme in shaping the tear downt of combats and argon engines that drive economic growths. India and china ar likely to be the economic powerhouses of the 21st Century. India is also emerging as a secern sense of equilibriumr of Asian stability. By its unite multitude and quadrangle technology, India would be required to contain argonnaal conflicts and balk unscrupulous exploitation of the Indian Ocean region9. Therefore development of blank power both for forces and civilian use, specially as a force multiplier is mustiness to climb up the pyramid of world power.7. Perceptions de nameine actions. The legionss perception of the b atomic number 18manship and put environment influences the token of home forces it exit develop in the future10. Therefore we indispensability to decide the pattern of billet force which we need to develop to exploit blank shell medium to the maximum as a force multiplier to entertain perimeter in the region.Scope8. This schooling analyses the exploitation of aloofness Force as a force multipl ier in the Indian Context.Methods Of Data disposition9. The cultivation and data for this thesis has been ga in that respectd through internet, as fleshed books, papers, journals and freshspapers. In adjunct, lectures delivered by dignitaries at DSSC have been utilised to gather information. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the dissertation.Organisation Of The Dissertation10. It is proposed to study the subject in the interest stylus-(a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology.(b) Chapter II Understanding Space power.(c) Chapter III Roles and finishing of Space Power.(d) Chapter IV Space Power as Force Multiplier.(e) Chapter V Indian Capability and the road Ahead.(f) Chapter VI Recommendations and Conclusion.CHAPTER IIUNDERSTANDING topographic point POWERThe beginning of apprehension is calling things by their right names.Confucius1. Space has fascinated many a(prenominal) thinkers, philosophers and pipeline Warriors as for a foresighted beat. l egion(predicate) a researches and m iy has deceased in exploring and exploiting position entirely take down-tempered the concepts be not very set down to many of us. It is extremely important for us to have clear understanding of billet before we ass evaluate the character reference and utilization of lacuna medium.Definitions2. SpaceSpace is avert of substance, put outs no defense from disadvantageous radiation, and al upsets nevertheless the balance surrounded by shake off and gravity with which to maneuver.143. lam reanimateSatellites maintain region around a planet (Earth in our casing) at a particular speed at a given aggrandisement. If the speed is increased, the satellite goes into a higher orbit. Escape velocity is the speed at which the centrifugal force be come downs greater than the run of planetary gravity. The object would then cease to be an Earth-satellite, and start despic open-bodied away from the earth. At five hundred km the escape vel ocity is 10.8 km/sec.154. Satellite Inclination for each one satellite orbits within a plane that passes through Earths gravitational centre. The w octad down formed mingled with that plane and that of the Earths equator, measur able on its north de considerationine pass over the equator, is k right offn as satellite inclination. clutchess with inclination at or closer to 90 degrees are cognize as pivotal orbits. Equatorial orbits are those in or very close to the plane of the equator. The rest, betwixt these 2 limits, are tend orbits. The combination of the satellites own motion and that of the rotating planet beneath produces a demesne track joining the serial points on the planet which fall now beneath the satellite. The prove heavens of the planet in line-of-sight or reign communication with any satellite is a function of its top and ground track. In the lowest viable orbits, the area that can be seen by satellite sensing elements is no to a greater extent than that of one of Earths larger cities.5. DecayWith a perfectly spherical planet of even density, no air resistance, and no minute gravitational pulls from neighbouring bodies ( much(prenominal) as Sun, the moon on, and the other planets), a satellite would put up in orbit forever. In the real world these factors upset the balance of forces which sustains the orbit, which perk ups it to decay, so that the satellite finally falls to the Earth. For practical purposes, satellites which go to a lower place 300 km gamble air resistance serious lavish to require in experimental conditionittent use of on-board sensations to maintain their orbits.166. Low Earth mountain chain (LEO).This orbit ranges from a h octonary of cardinal hundred and 5000 km. Polar and passing incline orbits are favoured for general reconnaissance missions since they give planet-wide coverage. The periods of much(prenominal)(prenominal) range surrounded by 90 minutes and a few hours.7. Semi-synchr onous electron orbit.This is circular orbit at 20,700 km with a period of 12 hours. The term is approximatelytimes extended to all orbits surrounded by LEO and this orbit.8. Molniya field of troth.This is a highly elliptical orbit, at an stature of mingled with 500 40000 km, with a 12 hour period. This orbit is most stable at an inclination of 63 degrees. (At other inclinations gravitational anomalies resulting from irregularities in the shape and density of the planet cause the major axis of such(prenominal) an orbit the line joining the windup and the perigee points to rotate inconveniently.) This orbit was establish by the Soviet Union to provide satellite spending 11 hours out of 12 hours in a higher place the Yankee hemisphere.179. Geostationary image (GEO).This is a circular, equatorial orbit at an altitude of 35,700 km. With a period of 24 hours, such satellites appear to reside to the highest degree stationary above a fixed point over the equator. In practi ce, they somewhattimes describe a very broken figure of eight ground tracks about(predicate) such a point. Three or more evenly piazzad fixed satellites can cover most of the planet, yet the Polar Regions. These satellites are generally employ for communications or proto(prenominal) prototype of rockets.10. Geosynchronous stove.This orbit is also circular and given over and is at an altitude of 35,700 km. This orbit has subatomic multitude or other uses because of its large figure of eight ground tracks, depending on its inclination. In multitude discussions the term geostationary, is tending to be replaced by geosynchronous, because the former is the limiting case of the latter. Even a small inclination causes a geostationary satellite to suit a strictly speaking geosynchronous one. Military geostationary satellites may sometimes have a use for such a ground track, though rarely for the much wider, true geosynchronous orbit.1811. Super-synchronous Orbit.The orbi ts above GEO have had little use so far, besides offer many options for future armed services satellites taking refuge from ground establish or LEO anti-satellites. true points of equilibrium amongst solar, lunar and mundane gravitation are especially interesting.1912. Near-Earth Orbit (NEO)or aero home extends 50 to 200 kilometers above the Earths surface, incorporating the mesosphere and the lower molding of the ionosphere in an intermediate region where aerodynamics and ballistics interact or succeed each other. In the presently term, NEO will bear the primary location for the deployment of manned and unmanned array systems and probable major pose industrialization facilities such as a manned stead trading operations center (SOC)22.13. The cislunar regularizeconsists of all space between NEO and lunar Surface Orbit (LSO), including Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO). The cislunar order provides phalanx systems find here the defensive option of a longer reaction ti me to implement countermeasures against Earth- or NEO-based intervention23.14. LSOconsists of the order of space where the Moon orbits the Earth, including Near Lunar Orbit (NLO) or the space like a shot surrounding the Moon.15. The translunar zoneis comprised of the space from LSO to approximately one million kilometers from the Earths surface, where the solar gravity salutaryspring begins to pre omit and includes the five Lagrangian points. These final zones will attain increasing soldiery significance as the action of space industrialization evolves. Eventually the Moon and Lagrangian points could be utilise to dominate the entire Earth-Moon system.2416. Outer SpaceIn the denomination of legal solid dealings with the space exploration and most the entire space law, the term outer space is comm nevertheless used. But this term has not been delimit to date with precision despite many attempts undertaken by jurists, International non-governmental and the coupled Nations bodies26.17. The tactical space environmentThe tactical space environment of the Earth-Moon system can be conceptualized as a series of gravity rise zones that are somewhat analogous to everyday hills, promontories, and mountains in that much effort and capacity must be ab initio expended to situate forces in such locations. Once attained, however, these positions can be used to dominate the terrain on a lower floor with telling ease. Figure 1 illustrates in prostrate form the gravity hale zones of the Earth-Moon system, which are in reality collar dimensional spheres27.18. During the next devil decades, armed forces space activities and the development of various commercial space enterprises (or space industrialization) will be primarily restrict to this system. Possible forces missions in this tactical environment include demand intervention on the Earths surface form space, regulation of the flow of space traffic, comfortion of military and industrial space faciliti es, denial of strategic areas of space to others (such as choice satellite orbits at Geosynchronous Earth Orbit and the various Lagrangian points at which objects revolve with the aforementioned(prenominal) period as the gravitational Earth-Moon system and thus catch ones breath effectively stationary), and various surveillance, reconnaissance, navigation, command, delay, and communication functions28.CLICH just about topographic point POWER19. The space power being the latest addition to the force of a Nation, at that place is still a extensive plight about its placement, its use whether military or civilian and also its control. Currently, a fully developed space power guess does not exist. USSPACECOM, recognizing the void, has licenced Dr. Brian R. Sullivan as lead precedent to develop this theory.29 Therefore in that location is need to develop a fully fledged theory and doctrine to guide the developed of space power straight from its infancy.20. Space is the next g reat arena for exploration and exploitation. We are limited only by predilection to the wonders, challenges and excitement the next vitamin C will bring as far as space forces are concerned. Already, civil and commercial sectors have invested billions of dollars in space and the nations military recognizes its constituent to protect these interests. The logical argument within the military on how to trounce exploit this new medium continues. But at that place is a need to go over few of the basic foreshortens about Space Power to understand it clearly. The militarys current view of the air and space environment seems to simultaneously focal point on opposing human relationships between the cardinal mediums. gloriole and space signify two distinct realms and at the same(p) time, they are concentrated to complexify because of their similarities. These two relationships exist simultaneously and come together to form the following organizational paradigm of the air and sp ace environment Space and the aureole represent two distinct medium environments physically diverse from each other while at the same time, they are physically linked, and theoretically and historically tied.31.21. First of the issue, is regarding direct use of space as a Space power or weaponising of space to use it as a force itself. We must determine whether space power apply great power quickly to any concrete target on the planet? earthly concerny wad would answer no to this enquire because of semipolitical restraints on weaponising space. Others would argue for an affirmative answer based on technical, if not political, feasibility. In either case, the question concerning the applicability of the shopping centre remains assumed but undemonstrated. Or perhaps there exists a space power variant of the essence that differs from all other military operations, including air power32. Also there are concerns regarding the future of space power and the kinds of military opera tions that are likely to migrate to space. Space may become another contend space, or it may become only a home to military operations focussed on non-lethal activities in support of combat elsewhere. So the major concern is whether space will be used as direct source of force or will continued to be used as a force multiplier only.22. Why does the military need a space force? The answers to this question shape military space force development by providing a sense of semipermanent direction, describing how such a force would mete out national interests, and prescribing a force structure to fulfill that need. They are foundational answers that eventually form the basis for space power theory and enable the military to articulate and justify reasons for a military space force. As the military more clearly articulates wherefore space forces are needed, the better it is able to identify specific requirements requisite to achieve those forces. Thus, this question and the next are cl osely tied together33.23. What should the military do in space? The answers to this question bring the focus from broad to specific. They jockstrap formulate the functions and missions of a military space force, and provide the framework for establishing detailed force requirements. To summarize, the answers to the question of who establish the pep ups for a military space force development. The answers to the questions of why and what together develop and identify long term direction, and offer short-term input to the imaging allocation process.3424. The next issue is to do with the control of space power. This will mainly emerge from our innovation, imagery and farsightedness. Air Power being the strongest rival of claiming the control of space, there is need to deeply study the relationship between Space power and Air Power. This relationship can be well understood only by defining and studying the relationship between space and Air. Who should lead and develop military space forces? This question addresses the need to focus on purpose the best organization, or mix of organizations, to counsel a military space force. Military space advocates must be able to justifyon military grounds alonethe necessity of military forces in space. These organizations are the stewards that provide both administrative control over the forces that support military space power, and the war- laboring control of these forces during employment of that power. A space force advocate embraces and promotes the ideals for a military space force, and garners the support necessary to establish such a force35.Air and Space relationship25. The defining characteristic of air power is an operational regime elevated above the earths surface. Conceptually, space power would seem to be more of the same at a higher elevation. The term aerospace, coined in the late 1950s, echoes this same theme, as do official pronouncements such as although there are physical differences between the atmosp here and space, there is no absolute boundary between them. The same basic military activities can be performed in each, albeit with different platforms and methods.3826. Conceptually thinking, we cannot easily trim back the enormous differences between operations in the atmosphere and in space? Current military supposition suggests that space is a medium clear and distinct from the atmosphere with physical characteristics extraordinary enough that a bar forms between the two. The atmosphere is a realm of substance offering the advantages of protection from radiation, thermal transfer of heat and the ability to produce and control wind and drag. These aspects of the air medium closelyen it easily different than the realm of space.4027. It is difficult to analyse these and many more issues dealing with space without a general, overarching theory of space power. The task is made even more difficult by some(prenominal) other factors, such as the limited experience base in mi litary space operations, the pie-eyed security classification concerning much of what goes on in space, and the thoroughly sub-divided responsibility for space operations. Thus, we have a conundrum-a jig-saw bunk that will someday figure how space power fits or doesnt fit with air power. Solving the puzzle represents a major leadinghip challenge.42CHAPTER IIIAir and space power is a criticaland decisiveelement in protecting our nation and deterring aggression. It will only remain so if we as professional airmen study, evaluate, and debate our capabilities and the environment of the future. Just as technology and world threat and opportunities change, so must our doctrine. We, each of us, must be the articulate and knowledgeable advocates of air and space power.General Michael E. RyanROLES AND APPLICATIONS OF SPACE POWERVictory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war not upon those who wait to adapt themselves subsequently the changes occur.Guilio Douhet1. Man has a compelling actuate to explore, to discover and to try to go where no one has ever been before. As most of the Earth has already been explored and even though it is going to be there for a very long time, men have now turned to space exploration as their next aim.432. Thus as we race into the next decade, a new enclosure seems to be spread up in space with vast potential drop for military, intuition and exploration activities. So far as the armed forces are concerned, like the sensor technology, satellites would provide them with unheard-of capabilities in a large number of fields.444. Today, events unfold before our eyes around the world as if we were there. We have advance warning of adverse weather as it develops. We can communicate with wad 10 or 10,000 miles away with adapted ease, and a small receiver tells us our exact position and how fast we are moving in the air, on land, or at sea.5. Space power is becoming an increasingly important aspect of nat ional strength, but experts disagree about how best to develop its potential. Like airpower, space power relies heavily upon advanced technology, but technology is useless unless space professionals apply it properly. Air Force leaders recognize that the service necessitate to cheer a team of highly dedicated space professionals who are pre-pared to exploit advanced technologies and operating concepts. Today, space power provides supporting functions such as communications, reconnaissance, and signals from global side system (GPS) satellites tomorrow, space may become the site of combat operations. tint about the future direction of military activities in space has spurred debate over which technologies to produce and how best to develop space professionals. Moral, theoretical, and doctrinal questions also sulk large. Underlying all of these considerations are political and diplomatic factors45.6. New technologies melt large amounts of data around the world at the speed of lig ht. Al-though a century ago people would have considered such feats science fiction, modern space capabilities make these, and so many more things, regular(a) facts. Space power has transformed our fiat and our military. Today, at the outset of the twenty-first century, we simply cannot liveor fight and winwithout it.7. Although many people refer to doing Desert hale as the first space war, it did not mark the first use of space capabilities during conflict. During the war in Vietnam, space systemscommunications and meteorological satellitesprovided near-real-time data that was essential for combat operation The Gulf War of 1991, however, was the first conflict in history to make comprehensive use of space systems support. Since then, we have worked hard to integrate the high-tech advantages provided by speed-of-light space capabilities into all our forcesair, land, and sea. Those efforts importantly improved our American enounce way of war, and they paid off during Operation Iraqi Freedom.8. American forces led a coalition that set benchmarks for speed, precision, lethality, reach, and flexibility. As President George W. Bush said on 1 May 2003 aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln, Operation Iraqi Freedom was carried out with a combination of precision and speed and organisation the enemy did not expect, and the world had not seen be-fore. From distant bases or ships at sea, we sent planes and projectiles that could destroy an enemy division, or strike a atomic number 53 bunker. In a calculate of minutesnot hours, days, or weeks as in past warscommanders place and engaged targets and received timely battle damage assessment. Lt Gen T. Michael Buzz Moseley, the combine force air component commander, reenforce the role that space capabilities play when he said, The satellites have been just improbably capable . . . supporting conventional surface, naval, special ops and air forces. Theyve made a huge difference for us.9. The need to protect ones own spa ce assets, and if necessary contend those of the bad guy, will equally inevitably move the war in the air into space. The the StatesF already has an F15-borne anti-satellite system. Other potential systems include a co-orbital satellite weaponed with an explosive warhead or anti-satellite mines.- For every foul system deployed, a potential adversary whose finances permit this sort of warfare, would have to field a defensive mechanism. This level of Star Wars may be beyond most nations. But the scope for information operations should not be underestimated in particular against commercial satellites the performance information for which is quickly available on the Internet.4610. supporting Role11. Ocean reconnaissancesatellites can carry side-ways looking radars to enable them to locate ships and take other maritime measurements in all weather, and at all times of the day. Very comminuted satellite radars, using celluloid aperture techniques, may shortly be able to measure t he level of the sea so accurately that they would be able to detect passage of a submarine beneath it in some areas.4712. The most commonly used sensor in satellites is the camera. The photo reconnaissance cameras on satellites are raw to em radiation with a jolt length of between 0.004 mm to 0.007 mm and in the IR region of wave length between 0.3 mm and 3000 mm.4813. Photo reconnaissancesatellites are the most important of reconnaissance satellites especially during heartsease time, and for monitoring conflicts around the world. Of all the satellites by China, USA and the erstwhile Soviet Union, about 40% have been used for photographic reconnaissance from LEO. Orbiting at altitudes as low as 200 km, some of these photo reconnaissance satellites are thought to resolve details littler than 30 cm.49 The Soviet satellites have a support span of between two weeks and two months. Until the early mid-eighties their pictures were recovered only when the satellite was brought down, u sing re-entry trajectory and parachutes. Since they orbit below 200 km at their lowest point, they need regular boosting from on-board rockets to maintain orbit. It is believed that the digital film scan and transmission is being used by the Russians now. In comparison the American LEO satellites have longer vitality spans than those of their Soviet counter-part. They are known to have been in orbit for some(prenominal) months and can return film capsules to earth by ejecting them over sea (near Hawaii). These are either caught by aircraft or picked up by a back up ship. Photographs can also be developed and scanned on board the satellite and the information relayed back to ground stations immediately by use of tuner signals.14. Early warning satellitesare equipped with infra-red detectors which can detect an ICBM, thereby providing the threatened country with a 30 minute warning. The United States has cardinal geostationary early warning abnegation Support Programme (DSP) sate llites. matchless watches the Russian ICBM fields, and the other two the Pacific and Atlantic oceans for SLBM attacks. For geographic reasons, GEO was less attractive to the Soviet Union, and hence they launched their early warning satellites in Molniya orbits. Complete coverage was obtained by a constellation of nine satellites, with shorter life spans than their American counter-parts. By ensuring the virtual impossibility of a surprise projectile attack out of the blue, early warning satellites may be regarded as playing a stabilising role during peace time15. These satellites have a dual character since during peace time they can help monitor the Limited Test discard and Non-Proliferation Treaties by watch for above ground nuclear tests. The Unites States launched half dozen successive pairs of super-synchronous Vela satellites for this purpose between 1963 and 1970. Designed at firs to operate for only six months, the first ternion pairs exceeded this limit by enormous m argins, very much working for nearly than 10 years.16.Active Military ApplicationSpace can be delimit as the new battlefield after Land, Sea and Air. It is the final frontier or final goal, which every one desires to conquer or reach. Space is fast emerging as not only the new sparing High Ground but also as the new military frontier of becoming a new Strategic High Ground.5017. By the end of 1999, at least 2300 military oriented satellites have been launched. The functions of military satellites, which constitute about 75% of all satellites orbited, ranged from navigation, communications, meteorological and reconnaissance51. Space ground Lasers for Ballistic Missile Defense18. fill in utilizing space-based optical masers (SBLs) for ballistic missile defense (BMD) arose when two facts emerged. First, ballistic missiles are relatively fragile and do not resist laser null and secondly, chemical lasers could project missile killing amounts of push button over 3,000 kilometers. These two facts peaked political interest over the possibility of placing laser weapons in space. SBLs could be used to bug ballistic missiles in their boost phase, thus dropping disabled missiles on an enemys own territory.19. The Lethality of A Space-Based Laser20. Delivering a high- fervor laser beam for a long enough time to disable a target is the objective of a laser weapon. Laser energy can damage missile boosters if the laser has a moderate intensity combined with a uphold hover time on the booster, the laser will then can through the missile skin. A 10 meter mirror with a hydrogen fluoride (HF) laser beam would military issue a 0.32 micro radian divergence angle and have a laser spot 1.3 meters in diameter at a range of 4,000 meters. The distribution of 20 MW over the laser spot would create an energy flux of 1.5 kilowatts per square curium (kW/cm2). The laser spot would need to dwell on the target for 6.6 seconds to create the nominal lethal energy of 10 kilojoule s per square centimeter (kJ/cm2).56 cleverness deeper than this would not be required since the laser would not be in a position to attack missiles in flight until they had reached this altitude. Also, clouds could obscure the booster below a ceiling of 10 kilometers.Table 1 Requirements for several laser weapons ASAT SpaceASAT GroundSpace-based BMDLaser typechem (HF)chem (DF)chem (HF)Laser wavelength2.7m3.8m2.7mLaser locationspacegroundspaceTarget distance3,000km10km3,0Space Power as Force MultiplierSpace Power as Force MultiplierCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1. The Space has always been a great matter of interest to human race, which gazed and tried to explore this cosmic world for thousands of years. Even our own epics talk a lot about space and its utilisation. However, Science flourished during the European Renaissance and fundamental physical laws governing planetary motion were discovered, and the orbits of the planets around the Sun were calculated. The Chinese were the first to de velop a rocket in around 1212 AD. In 1883, a Russian schoolmaster, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, first explained the mechanics of how a rocket could fly into space.4. Since then exploration and exploitation of the space has been a continued effort. This led to the unfolding of mysteries of the space world and thus using it for own advantages.2. Military use of space started with the launch of an American reconnaissance satellite in 1960.6.3. The phenomenal utilization and exploitation of the space medium has finally provided the users the power to gain advantage over the enemy. Traditionally, power has been related to explosive ordinance and target destruction. But in the post-Cold War world, the power most often delivered by airmen has taken the form of humanitarian aid food, medical supplies, and heavy equipment.8. The meteorological satellites provide accurate weather data from any part of the world. Thus in past few years, space-based systems have enabled dramatic improvement in milit ary and intelligence operations thus enhancing its capability, accuracy and fire power. Thus the Space medium emerging as Space Power and the most effective and widely used force multiplier.METHODOLOGYStatement Of Problem4. To study and analyse the feasibility of Space Power to evolve as a frontline force multiplier for India and to critically examine the road ahead.Justification Of Study5. Indias achievement in the field of space capability may not seem to be very advanced especially when compared with the accomplishments of the superpowers and elite members of the satellite club. However, one needs to look at the Indian space programme in isolation to fully understand the tremendous progress and achievements that have been made from such a humble beginning.6. All the countries have developed launch vehicles as an offshoot of their ballistic missile projects, and their satellites were primarily intended for military use. Non- military applications were a spinoff of the military pro grammes, whereas India has developed space applications and launch vehicles for totally civilian use. The technology was also used within a broader framework to achieve socio-economic development, and military spin-offs have been incidental. Therefore, India has an inherent advantage as far as civilian support role is concerned however it needs special effort and attitude to develop military support application. Utilization of Space medium and Control of space based assets will be an important ingredient of future world power. President APJ Kalam has stated that accomplishments in space have traditionally been a barometer of international status, technological prowess and enhanced military capability. Rapid advancements in Information Technology, Internet and Communications are increasingly utilising space based assets. These assets play a decisive role in shaping the outcome of conflicts and are engines that drive economic growths. India and China are likely to be the economic powe rhouses of the 21st Century. India is also emerging as a key balancer of Asian stability. By its combined military and space technology, India would be required to contain regional conflicts and prevent unscrupulous exploitation of the Indian Ocean region9. Therefore development of space power both for military and civilian use, especially as a force multiplier is must to climb up the pyramid of world power.7. Perceptions determine actions. The militarys perception of the air and space environment influences the type of space forces it will develop in the future10. Therefore we need to decide the kind of space force which we need to develop to exploit Space medium to the maximum as a force multiplier to maintain edge in the region.Scope8. This study analyses the exploitation of Space Force as a force multiplier in the Indian Context.Methods Of Data Collection9. The information and data for this dissertation has been gathered through internet, various books, papers, journals and news papers. In addition, lectures delivered by dignitaries at DSSC have been utilised to gather information. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the dissertation.Organisation Of The Dissertation10. It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner-(a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology.(b) Chapter II Understanding Space power.(c) Chapter III Roles and Application of Space Power.(d) Chapter IV Space Power as Force Multiplier.(e) Chapter V Indian Capability and the Road Ahead.(f) Chapter VI Recommendations and Conclusion.CHAPTER IIUNDERSTANDING SPACE POWERThe beginning of wisdom is calling things by their right names.Confucius1. Space has fascinated many thinkers, philosophers and Air Warriors equally for a long time. Many a researches and money has gone in exploring and exploiting space but still the concepts are not very clear to many of us. It is extremely important for us to have clear understanding of space before we can evaluate the role and utilizat ion of space medium.Definitions2. SpaceSpace is void of substance, offers no protection from harmful radiation, and allows only the balance between thrust and gravity with which to maneuver.143. Escape VelocitySatellites maintain orbit around a planet (Earth in our case) at a particular speed at a given height. If the speed is increased, the satellite goes into a higher orbit. Escape velocity is the speed at which the centrifugal force becomes greater than the pull of planetary gravity. The object would then cease to be an Earth-satellite, and start moving away from the earth. At 500 km the escape velocity is 10.8 km/sec.154. Satellite InclinationEvery satellite orbits within a plane that passes through Earths gravitational centre. The angle formed between that plane and that of the Earths equator, measured on its north bound pass over the equator, is known as satellite inclination. Orbits with inclination at or closer to 90 degrees are known as polar orbits. Equatorial orbits are t hose in or very close to the plane of the equator. The rest, between these two limits, are inclined orbits. The combination of the satellites own motion and that of the rotating planet beneath produces a ground track joining the successive points on the planet which fall directly beneath the satellite. The surface area of the planet in line-of-sight or direct communication with any satellite is a function of its altitude and ground track. In the lowest feasible orbits, the area that can be seen by satellite sensors is no more than that of one of Earths larger cities.5. DecayWith a perfectly spherical planet of even density, no air resistance, and no minute gravitational pulls from neighbouring bodies (such as Sun, the Moon, and the other planets), a satellite would stay in orbit forever. In the real world these factors upset the balance of forces which sustains the orbit, which causes it to decay, so that the satellite eventually falls to the Earth. For practical purposes, satellite s which go below 300 km encounter air resistance serious enough to require intermittent use of on-board boosters to maintain their orbits.166. Low Earth Orbit (LEO).This orbit ranges from a height of 200 and 5000 km. Polar and highly inclined orbits are favoured for general reconnaissance missions since they give planet-wide coverage. The periods of such range between 90 minutes and a few hours.7. Semi-synchronous Orbit.This is circular orbit at 20,700 km with a period of 12 hours. The term is sometimes extended to all orbits between LEO and this orbit.8. Molniya Orbit.This is a highly elliptical orbit, at an altitude of between 500 40000 km, with a 12 hour period. This orbit is most stable at an inclination of 63 degrees. (At other inclinations gravitational anomalies resulting from irregularities in the shape and density of the planet cause the major axis of such an orbit the line joining the apogee and the perigee points to rotate inconveniently.) This orbit was used by the So viet Union to provide satellite spending 11 hours out of 12 hours above the northern hemisphere.179. Geostationary Orbit (GEO).This is a circular, equatorial orbit at an altitude of 35,700 km. With a period of 24 hours, such satellites appear to remain almost stationary above a fixed point over the equator. In practice, they sometimes describe a very small figure of eight ground tracks about such a point. Three or more evenly spaced geostationary satellites can cover most of the planet, except the Polar Regions. These satellites are mainly used for communications or early warning of missiles.10. Geosynchronous Orbit.This orbit is also circular and inclined and is at an altitude of 35,700 km. This orbit has little military or other uses because of its large figure of eight ground tracks, depending on its inclination. In military discussions the term geostationary, is tending to be replaced by geosynchronous, because the former is the limiting case of the latter. Even a small inclinat ion causes a geostationary satellite to become a strictly speaking geosynchronous one. Military geostationary satellites may sometimes have a use for such a ground track, though seldom for the much wider, true geosynchronous orbit.1811. Super-synchronous Orbit.The orbits above GEO have had little use so far, but offer many options for future military satellites taking refuge from ground based or LEO anti-satellites. Certain points of equilibrium between solar, lunar and terrestrial gravitation are especially interesting.1912. Near-Earth Orbit (NEO)or aerospace extends 50 to 200 kilometers above the Earths surface, incorporating the mesosphere and the lower edge of the ionosphere in an intermediate region where aerodynamics and ballistics interact or succeed each other. In the short term, NEO will remain the primary location for the deployment of manned and unmanned military systems and probable major space industrialization facilities such as a manned space operations center (SOC)22 .13. The cislunar zoneconsists of all space between NEO and Lunar Surface Orbit (LSO), including Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO). The cislunar zone provides military systems situated here the defensive option of a longer reaction time to implement countermeasures against Earth- or NEO-based intervention23.14. LSOconsists of the zone of space where the Moon orbits the Earth, including Near Lunar Orbit (NLO) or the space immediately surrounding the Moon.15. The translunar zoneis comprised of the space from LSO to approximately one million kilometers from the Earths surface, where the solar gravity well begins to predominate and includes the five Lagrangian points. These final zones will attain increasing military significance as the process of space industrialization evolves. Eventually the Moon and Lagrangian points could be used to dominate the entire Earth-Moon system.2416. Outer SpaceIn the denomination of legal material dealing with the space exploration and nearly the entire sp ace law, the term outer space is commonly used. But this term has not been defined to date with precision despite many attempts undertaken by jurists, International non-governmental and the United Nations bodies26.17. The tactical space environmentThe tactical space environment of the Earth-Moon system can be conceptualized as a series of gravity well zones that are somewhat analogous to terrestrial hills, promontories, and mountains in that much effort and energy must be initially expended to situate forces in such locations. Once attained, however, these positions can be used to dominate the terrain below with relative ease. Figure 1 illustrates in two-dimensional form the gravity well zones of the Earth-Moon system, which are in reality three dimensional spheres27.18. During the next two decades, military space activities and the development of various commercial space enterprises (or space industrialization) will be primarily restricted to this system. Possible military missions in this tactical environment include direct intervention on the Earths surface form space, regulation of the flow of space traffic, protection of military and industrial space facilities, denial of strategic areas of space to others (such as choice satellite orbits at Geosynchronous Earth Orbit and the various Lagrangian points at which objects revolve with the same period as the gravitational Earth-Moon system and thus remain effectively stationary), and various surveillance, reconnaissance, navigation, command, control, and communication functions28.CLICH ABOUT SPACE POWER19. The space power being the latest addition to the force of a Nation, there is still a huge dilemma about its placement, its use whether military or civilian and also its control. Currently, a fully developed space power theory does not exist. USSPACECOM, recognizing the void, has commissioned Dr. Brian R. Sullivan as lead author to develop this theory.29 Therefore there is requirement to develop a fully fledg ed theory and doctrine to guide the developed of space power straight from its infancy.20. Space is the next great arena for exploration and exploitation. We are limited only by imagination to the wonders, challenges and excitement the next century will bring as far as space forces are concerned. Already, civil and commercial sectors have invested billions of dollars in space and the nations military recognizes its role to protect these interests. The debate within the military on how to best exploit this new medium continues. But there is a need to go over few of the basic issues about Space Power to understand it clearly. The militarys current view of the air and space environment seems to simultaneously focus on opposing relationships between the two mediums. Air and space represent two distinct realms and at the same time, they are difficult to separate because of their similarities. These two relationships exist simultaneously and come together to form the following organizatio nal paradigm of the air and space environment Space and the atmosphere represent two distinct medium environments physically different from each other while at the same time, they are physically linked, and theoretically and historically tied.31.21. First of the issue, is regarding direct use of space as a Space power or weaponising of space to use it as a force itself. We must determine whether space power apply great power quickly to any tangible target on the planet? Many people would answer no to this question because of political restraints on weaponising space. Others would argue for an affirmative answer based on technical, if not political, feasibility. In either case, the question concerning the applicability of the essence remains assumed but undemonstrated. Or perhaps there exists a space power version of the essence that differs from all other military operations, including air power32. Also there are concerns regarding the future of space power and the kinds of military operations that are likely to migrate to space. Space may become another battle space, or it may become only a home to military operations focussed on non-lethal activities in support of combat elsewhere. So the major concern is whether space will be used as direct source of force or will continued to be used as a force multiplier only.22. Why does the military need a space force? The answers to this question shape military space force development by providing a sense of long-term direction, describing how such a force would serve national interests, and prescribing a force structure to fulfill that need. They are foundational answers that ultimately form the basis for space power theory and enable the military to articulate and justify reasons for a military space force. As the military more clearly articulates why space forces are needed, the better it is able to identify specific requirements necessary to achieve those forces. Thus, this question and the next are closely tied to gether33.23. What should the military do in space? The answers to this question bring the focus from broad to specific. They help formulate the functions and missions of a military space force, and provide the framework for establishing detailed force requirements. To summarize, the answers to the question of who establish the advocates for a military space force development. The answers to the questions of why and what together develop and identify long term direction, and offer short-term input to the resource allocation process.3424. The next issue is to do with the control of space power. This will mainly emerge from our innovation, imagination and farsightedness. Air Power being the strongest contender of claiming the control of space, there is need to deeply study the relationship between Space power and Air Power. This relationship can be well understood only by defining and studying the relationship between space and Air. Who should lead and develop military space forces? Th is question addresses the need to focus on finding the best organization, or mix of organizations, to advocate a military space force. Military space advocates must be able to justifyon military grounds alonethe necessity of military forces in space. These organizations are the stewards that provide both administrative control over the forces that support military space power, and the war-fighting control of these forces during employment of that power. A space force advocate embraces and promotes the ideals for a military space force, and garners the support necessary to establish such a force35.Air and Space relationship25. The defining characteristic of air power is an operational regime elevated above the earths surface. Conceptually, space power would seem to be more of the same at a higher elevation. The term aerospace, coined in the late 1950s, echoes this same theme, as do official pronouncements such as although there are physical differences between the atmosphere and spac e, there is no absolute boundary between them. The same basic military activities can be performed in each, albeit with different platforms and methods.3826. Conceptually thinking, we cannot easily ignore the vast differences between operations in the atmosphere and in space? Current military thought suggests that space is a medium separate and distinct from the atmosphere with physical characteristics unique enough that a barrier forms between the two. The atmosphere is a realm of substance offering the advantages of protection from radiation, thermal transfer of heat and the ability to produce and control lift and drag. These aspects of the air medium make it considerably different than the realm of space.4027. It is difficult to analyse these and many more issues dealing with space without a general, overarching theory of space power. The task is made even more difficult by several other factors, such as the limited experience base in military space operations, the tight security classification concerning much of what goes on in space, and the thoroughly sub-divided responsibility for space operations. Thus, we have a conundrum-a jig-saw puzzle that will someday picture how space power fits or doesnt fit with air power. Solving the puzzle represents a major leadership challenge.42CHAPTER IIIAir and space power is a criticaland decisiveelement in protecting our nation and deterring aggression. It will only remain so if we as professional airmen study, evaluate, and debate our capabilities and the environment of the future. Just as technology and world threat and opportunities change, so must our doctrine. We, each of us, must be the articulate and knowledgeable advocates of air and space power.General Michael E. RyanROLES AND APPLICATIONS OF SPACE POWERVictory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur.Guilio Douhet1. Man has a compelling urge to explore, to discov er and to try to go where no one has ever been before. As most of the Earth has already been explored and even though it is going to be there for a very long time, men have now turned to space exploration as their next objective.432. Thus as we race into the next decade, a new frontier seems to be opening up in space with vast potential for military, science and exploration activities. So far as the armed forces are concerned, like the sensor technology, satellites would provide them with unheard-of capabilities in a large number of fields.444. Today, events unfold before our eyes around the world as if we were there. We have advance warning of adverse weather as it develops. We can communicate with people 10 or 10,000 miles away with equal ease, and a small receiver tells us our exact position and how fast we are moving in the air, on land, or at sea.5. Space power is becoming an increasingly important aspect of national strength, but experts disagree about how best to develop its potential. Like airpower, space power relies heavily upon advanced technology, but technology is useless unless space professionals apply it properly. Air Force leaders recognize that the service needs to nurture a team of highly dedicated space professionals who are pre-pared to exploit advanced technologies and operating concepts. Today, space power provides supporting functions such as communications, reconnaissance, and signals from global positioning system (GPS) satellites tomorrow, space may become the site of combat operations. Concern about the future direction of military activities in space has spurred debate over which technologies to produce and how best to develop space professionals. Moral, theoretical, and doctrinal questions also loom large. Underlying all of these considerations are political and diplomatic factors45.6. New technologies move large amounts of data around the world at the speed of light. Al-though a century ago people would have considered such feats science fiction, modern space capabilities make these, and so many more things, unquestionable facts. Space power has transformed our society and our military. Today, at the outset of the twenty-first century, we simply cannot liveor fight and winwithout it.7. Although many people refer to Operation Desert Storm as the first space war, it did not mark the first use of space capabilities during conflict. During the war in Vietnam, space systemscommunications and meteorological satellitesprovided near-real-time data that was essential for combat operation The Gulf War of 1991, however, was the first conflict in history to make comprehensive use of space systems support. Since then, we have worked hard to integrate the high-tech advantages provided by speed-of-light space capabilities into all our forcesair, land, and sea. Those efforts significantly improved our American joint way of war, and they paid off during Operation Iraqi Freedom.8. American forces led a coalition that set ben chmarks for speed, precision, lethality, reach, and flexibility. As President George W. Bush said on 1 May 2003 aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln, Operation Iraqi Freedom was carried out with a combination of precision and speed and boldness the enemy did not expect, and the world had not seen be-fore. From distant bases or ships at sea, we sent planes and missiles that could destroy an enemy division, or strike a single bunker. In a matter of minutesnot hours, days, or weeks as in past warscommanders identified and engaged targets and received timely battle damage assessment. Lt Gen T. Michael Buzz Moseley, the combined force air component commander, reinforced the role that space capabilities played when he said, The satellites have been just unbelievably capable . . . supporting conventional surface, naval, special ops and air forces. Theyve made a huge difference for us.9. The need to protect ones own space assets, and if necessary attack those of the bad guy, will equally inevitab ly move the war in the air into space. The USAF already has an F15-borne anti-satellite system. Other potential systems include a co-orbital satellite equipped with an explosive warhead or anti-satellite mines.- For every offensive system deployed, a potential adversary whose finances permit this sort of warfare, would have to field a defensive mechanism. This level of Star Wars may be beyond most nations. But the scope for information operations should not be underestimated particularly against commercial satellites the performance information for which is readily available on the Internet.4610. Supporting Role11. Ocean reconnaissancesatellites can carry side-ways looking radars to enable them to locate ships and take other maritime measurements in all weather, and at all times of the day. Very precise satellite radars, using synthetic aperture techniques, may shortly be able to measure the level of the sea so accurately that they would be able to detect passage of a submarine ben eath it in some areas.4712. The most commonly used sensor in satellites is the camera. The photo reconnaissance cameras on satellites are sensitive to em radiation with a wave length of between 0.004 mm to 0.007 mm and in the IR region of wave length between 0.3 mm and 3000 mm.4813. Photo reconnaissancesatellites are the most important of reconnaissance satellites especially during peace time, and for monitoring conflicts around the world. Of all the satellites by China, USA and the erstwhile Soviet Union, about 40% have been used for photographic reconnaissance from LEO. Orbiting at altitudes as low as 200 km, some of these photo reconnaissance satellites are thought to resolve details smaller than 30 cm.49 The Soviet satellites have a life span of between two weeks and two months. Until the early eighties their films were recovered only when the satellite was brought down, using re-entry trajectory and parachutes. Since they orbit below 200 km at their lowest point, they need regu lar boosting from on-board rockets to maintain orbit. It is believed that the digital film scanning and transmission is being used by the Russians now. In comparison the American LEO satellites have longer life spans than those of their Soviet counter-part. They are known to have been in orbit for several months and can return film capsules to earth by ejecting them over sea (near Hawaii). These are either caught by aircraft or picked up by a back up ship. Photographs can also be developed and scanned on board the satellite and the information relayed back to ground stations immediately by use of radio signals.14. Early warning satellitesare equipped with infra-red detectors which can detect an ICBM, thereby providing the threatened country with a 30 minute warning. The United States has three geostationary early warning Defence Support Programme (DSP) satellites. One watches the Russian ICBM fields, and the other two the Pacific and Atlantic oceans for SLBM attacks. For geographica l reasons, GEO was less attractive to the Soviet Union, and therefore they launched their early warning satellites in Molniya orbits. Complete coverage was obtained by a constellation of nine satellites, with shorter life spans than their American counter-parts. By ensuring the virtual impossibility of a surprise missile attack out of the blue, early warning satellites may be regarded as playing a stabilising role during peace time15. These satellites have a dual character since during peace time they can help monitor the Limited Test Ban and Non-Proliferation Treaties by watching for above ground nuclear tests. The Unites States launched six successive pairs of super-synchronous Vela satellites for this purpose between 1963 and 1970. Designed at firs to operate for only six months, the first three pairs exceeded this limit by enormous margins, often working for nearly than 10 years.16.Active Military ApplicationSpace can be defined as the new battlefield after Land, Sea and Air. It is the final frontier or final goal, which every one desires to conquer or reach. Space is fast emerging as not only the new Economic High Ground but also as the new military frontier of becoming a new Strategic High Ground.5017. By the end of 1999, at least 2300 military oriented satellites have been launched. The functions of military satellites, which constitute about 75% of all satellites orbited, ranged from navigation, communications, meteorological and reconnaissance51. Space Based Lasers for Ballistic Missile Defense18. Interest in utilizing space-based lasers (SBLs) for ballistic missile defense (BMD) arose when two facts emerged. First, ballistic missiles are relatively fragile and do not resist laser energy and secondly, chemical lasers could project missile killing amounts of energy over 3,000 kilometers. These two facts peaked political interest over the possibility of placing laser weapons in space. SBLs could be used to intercept ballistic missiles in their boost pha se, thus dropping disabled missiles on an enemys own territory.19. The Lethality of A Space-Based Laser20. Delivering a high-intensity laser beam for a long enough time to disable a target is the objective of a laser weapon. Laser energy can damage missile boosters if the laser has a moderate intensity combined with a sustained dwell time on the booster, the laser will then burn through the missile skin. A 10 meter mirror with a hydrogen fluoride (HF) laser beam would yield a 0.32 micro radian divergence angle and create a laser spot 1.3 meters in diameter at a range of 4,000 meters. The distribution of 20 MW over the laser spot would create an energy flux of 1.5 kilowatts per square centimeter (kW/cm2). The laser spot would need to dwell on the target for 6.6 seconds to create the nominal lethal energy of 10 kilojoules per square centimeter (kJ/cm2).56 Penetration deeper than this would not be required since the laser would not be in a position to attack missiles in flight until th ey had reached this altitude. Also, clouds could obscure the booster below a ceiling of 10 kilometers.Table 1 Requirements for several laser weaponsASAT SpaceASAT GroundSpace-based BMDLaser typechem (HF)chem (DF)chem (HF)Laser wavelength2.7m3.8m2.7mLaser locationspacegroundspaceTarget distance3,000km10km3,0